Having a Career in Fashion Design Essay -- Fashion Employment Educatio

Having a C atomic number 18er in Fashion Design The fashion design career, has recently emerged as one of the most fashionable and competitive among young people. Those who actually succeed in design have a very individualistic personal style and taket come up trends gravel by others. Having fashion design as your profession sometimes allows you to meet glamorous people. It can also put you in charge of what is in and out when it comes to clothing through with(predicate) ramp shows and fashion write-ups. Most designers have a great social status, and are accepted by everyone. However, There are many aspects which may or may not help you choose it as your career. Many talented individuals are attracted to careers as designers. Those with little or no education, as well as those who lack perseverance, will find it difficult to establish and maintain a career in fashion design. There were oer 16,000 people employed in this field in 2003 and demand will stay strong for desi gners because of our consumer culture is always wanting new styles and fashions. The employment is judge to grow fast through the year 2010 and some designers will need to be replaced as they retire, leaving more jobs available. Although, these jobs are only available in large cities such as New York or Los Angeles. Fashion designers dont work on commission so they do crystalize wages. The stomach is great even for beginner designers. Most beginning designers suck in as much as twenty-four thousand dollars annually and upper level designers earn as much as one hundred-five thousand dollars annually. The hourly wages for a beginner is twenty dollars and ninety-five cents while more experienced designers earn as much as fifty dollars or more per hour. Fashion designers may have to keep irregular hours to meet deadlines production deadlines for fashion shows. They may have to travel over seas to productions sites or for showings and conferences or even material shopping. Design ers under incorporations normally negotiate their benefits and normally receive full benefits of paid vacations, collection insurance plans, and sometimes sick days or break days. It all dep ends on your employer. As for those who are self-employed benefits may depend on themselves. If they set up a health plan for them selves they may only pay a partial amount on their expenses. Although, they will be able to enlist time off, but it wont a paid vacation ... ...ando florida. When wanting to become a fashion designer you essential also charter a licence which you may receive from your school as you graduate. You should intern at fashion companies during college. You may have to do administrative stuff, but youll be around creative and important people. (Baron, pg. 73) After college, you may still have your internships but, you may want to fully establish your career. Future designers may find jobs through their training facility job placement offices. Experienced designers are able to locate jobs through other people in the industry, personal affiliations, or advertisements in trade journals or newspapers. Direct application to employers remains the most effective. You can also look for jobs online.The fashion design industry is very large and you must work hard to join those whom re part of it. Its not just about the pay or benefits that draw most people to this career. Its the free feeling of creating new things and making creative, new looks. Its about self expression and freedom to share an opinion on what you think is cool. Some like it, and others dont, because of everything it stands for or what they would have to do.

Essay --

The ground substance A Philosophical InterpretationThe movie The hyaloplasm contains a very(prenominal) diverse philosophical structure and has many philosophical points, first discussed by philosophers like Plato and Descartes, throughout the movie. Some of these points consist of skepticism of reality, which relates heavily to Platos apologue of the Cave. The movie also make does the mind- consistency problem by showing that the Matrix is only taking place in the mind/computer program and the body is actually in a pod not experiencing anything. The mind-body discussion ties into a point covered throughout the movie about not trusting your senses. Plato and Descartes address this in some of their works and they overcome this issue by proving certainty through scientific or mathematical reasoning. While the movie most probably gained so much attention for its action packed scenes and science fiction plot, there is a lot you can gain on a philosophical level by watching the film. What philosophical issues of skepticism be depicted in the movie? The biggest philosophical issue of skepticism depicted in the Matrix can be broken down to two questions. What is real and can/how do we know what is real? These questions come from a metaphysics and epistemology focus for the duration of the film. end-to-end the movie the leading actor NEO, Keanu Reaves, struggles with these questions and to decide is the world around him or his senses real. These questions make skepticism the basic philosophical theme of the Matrix. In a philosophical sense, skepticism questions the nature of reality and whether we can ever actually know anything at all or determine for a fact what is reality. This theme is vie out in the conflict between the reality where humans a... ...d how do we know what is real, from the viewer. This keeps the actors and the viewer as skeptics throughout the movie. The mind-body problem, which concludes mind/soul and brain are one in the s ame. In addition, that the brain does direct the body, but the senses can deceive both. The Matrix also shows similarities between the Matrix and works from Plato and Descartes. They include Platos Allegory of the Cave or shadows of reality and Descartes Meditation where he talks of illusions. These both compare to the Matrix because of the illusion that most of the world lives in, called the Matrix. In this Matrix there are also shadows, or glitches in the Matrix, of reality that sometimes present themselves. These issues and similarities show there is a lot you can gain on a philosophical level by watching the film, while still enjoying an action packed film.

Glory :: Movie Film Review Glory Essays

GloryGlory captures the heroism of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the first blackregiment in the Civil War, the Massachusetts Fighting Fifty-fourth. Anhighly talented cast and crew earned three Academy Awards (cinematography,sound and supporting actor) and five nominations for their work in Glory. Theoutstanding cinematography, sound, score and acting recreate the events leadingup to the northward attack on Fort Wagner on July 18th 1863.Matthew Broderick portrays the young Bostonian abolitionist Col. Robert G.Shaw who takes command of the Fifty-fourth, following the EmancipationProclamation. Shaw along with Cabot Forbes (Cary Elwes) leads a band of exslaves, servants and other black volunteers including a rebellious runaway slaveTrip (Denzel Washington), Shaws educated childhood friend Thomas Searles (AndreBraugher), and a condition grave digger Rawlins (Morgan Freeman). Together thesemen face the adversity of a racist Union Army, struggling to prove themselvesworthy of their gove rnment issued blue uniforms.after months of training and exploitation for physical labor, the Fifty-fourth gains the opportunity to fight in an attack on Fort Wagner on the beachesof South Carolina. Poised to dispel the flavour that blacks would not bedisciplined under fire, the Fifty-fourth leads the almost suicidal attack on Ft.Wagner. There Col. Shaw valiantly falls and the Fifty-fourth, suffering greatlosses, displayed the courage that persuaded the Union to enlist many more blacksoldiers.Matthew Broderick delivers a noteworthy performance in the mathematical function of Col.Shaw, which Leonard Maltin calls his most ambitious part. In an interview forthe New York Times, Broderick utter of his method acting,The first step in preparing for the role of Robert Gould Shaw in Glorywas to try to learn as much as I could about the real person. That was mostlyfrom letters, photographs, descriptions and a poem by Emerson. The thing I hadto do was bring myself into that situation. I did nt want to be an imitation ofwhat I thought Shaw must have been like.Brodericks acting talent has been noted on Broadway as well as in films.Broderick won a Tony Award for his performance in Brighton Beach Memoirs in1983, a year after his film debut in Max Dugan Returns. (Maltin, 102) But it washis role as a computer hacker in War Games and his role as a handsome young teentouring Chicago in Ferris Buellers Day Off that alerted moviegoers to histalent.Denzel Washington has received critical acclaim for his role as Trip (aswell as an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor). Denzel commented on the role ofTrip in an interview with the New York Times.

Advertisers Sell Images Not Products Essay -- essays research papers

The definition of advertising is outdated. It was previously, to endorse a product and praise excellence to induce the public to buy. They ar now brainwashing consumers to buy their products using images to sell the product. The advertisers aim is to make the product look as good as it can through an attractive image. There ar statistics, which I obtained from a Dolly Magazine, 16th May 2000, which proves that one out of quaternion people in Australia buy a product because of the image shown in the advertisment. The images are eye catching and mention something all important(predicate) about the product. Ultimately it is authoritative that, Advertisers sell images, not products.The environment plays a very important role in advertising. In an advertisment I found in a magazine I will describe to you the reason the environment is one of the most important roles in advertisements. The advertisement I chose is situated in the forest. There is a daughter who has a baseball glove on and the caption says, This daughter can catch. The product is for clothes. But they arent just any clothes they are clothes, which make you feel natural and that you can be yourself. Instead of being a pretty little girl and wearing dresses and not playing baseball, this girl wears shorts and a shirt and is playing baseball, therefore she feels good wearing whatever she exigencys. The environment plays an important part in this advertisement because at the term it is showing this girl can be herself, be natural the environment is a forest, which symbolizes it to be a natural environment. The environment can give gist to the advertisement and tell the story in some cases.Advertisements are not the same without gestures and symbols. Gestures can be a simple hand movement or how a person is sitting. All gestures have symbolic meanings. Gestures can be facial expressions, body language. Gestures and symbols communicate to the audience of what the advertisement is about. It assoc iates the product with meaning. Symbols are objects these are there to make the product look better than anything else on the market, which will attract the public to buy. An advertisement I chose is of a well-known set of advertisements on television. Around 12 oclock they start rolling onto our screens. Full of call mes and 1800 numbers exploding onto our screen. This is of course is aimed at guys who are horny and want to ring th... ... clothes and the woman in her dress and dressing gown. It is a bit confusing. The association with this product to the image is that the people are bored tho if they get a mobile they will be happier and have a social life. Of course this is all about emotions and how you will feel after purchase a product and not at all about what it is saying to the public. Implicit images are images that imply certain things about a product. Explicit images are ones that do not imply anything about an image in an advertisement. Implicit images are used in all advertisements because the advertiser is implying certain things to the public, not inevitably related about a product.Therefore, Advertisers sell images and NOT products. When buying a product the consumer instantly thinks of the advertisement tied in with it. Gestures and symbols are very important in advertisements because they are the core meaning. Appeals and environment are also particularly important because they are the base on how to draw the public into buying the product.BIBLIOGRAPHY advertisement J.K.ColeDolly magazineClass Videos Products and Advertising Debbie RodgersThe advertising world Liz Werents and Dennis Pint

Reaching Understanding through Non-Verbal Communication in Timothy Find

Reaching Understanding through Non-Verbal Communication in herds grass Findleys War and About Effie The two stories War and About Effie from Timothy Findleys Dinner Along the Amazon are both told by the same child narrator, Neil. In each of the stories Neil attempts to make sense of a mystery story of the adult world. In War Neil tries to understand the adult world of war, and explain why it seems that his father has betrayed him, and in About Effie Neil tries to understand the mystery of Effies unnamed need to wait for a man in a thunderstorm. Neil reaches an understanding of each of these mysteries in a similar way through observation of non-verbal clues from adults. However, Neils own attempts to transport non-verbally through his behaviour are unsuccessful. Taken as a whole, these two stories show how very important non-verbal communication is in child-adult relationships. In About Effie Neils most significant impression of Effie is created when she att ends at him. Neil tells how when he first meets the new maid, she escorts at him with such(prenominal) meaning that it scares him . . .the way youll know her is this shell look at you as if she thought you were someone she was waiting for, and it will probably scare you. It did me (82). Neil describes the first time he meets Effie in terms of the way they look at each other, saying The first time I saw her, she saw me first (82). Neil is shocked by this new maid, not only because she gives him such a profound look, but also because she bursts into tears upon seeing him. Neil tries to make sense of why Effie would become so emotional upon seeing him, and tries to discover more(prenominal) about this mysterious person for whom she is waiting... ...her captures both Neils naivete at the time and the sadness of his fathers war obligation. Through looking at this photograph Neil realizes and accepts that the incident was truly not his fathers fault. The non-verbal image co ntained in the photograph provides the key to Neils understanding. In War Neils attempts to communicate non-verbally through his behaviour are ineffective. However, in both stories Neil reaches understanding through powers of observation, even when the adults are un able-bodied to communicate through words. In reaching understanding, Neil takes a step towards adulthood himself. Through the process of looking at Effies smiles and looking at his fathers wounded face in the photograph, Neil is able to decode the mystery of their actions. Works CitedFindley, Timothy. Dinner Along the Amazon. Toronto Penguin Books, 1996.

Reaching Understanding through Non-Verbal Communication in Timothy Find

Reaching Understanding through Non-Verbal Communication in timothy Findleys War and About Effie The two stories War and About Effie from Timothy Findleys Dinner Along the Amazon are both told by the same child narrator, Neil. In each of the stories Neil attempts to make sense of a brain-teaser of the adult world. In War Neil tries to understand the adult world of war, and explain why it seems that his father has betrayed him, and in About Effie Neil tries to understand the mystery of Effies remote need to wait for a man in a thunderstorm. Neil reaches an understanding of each of these mysteries in a similar way through observation of non-verbal clues from adults. However, Neils own attempts to draw non-verbally through his behaviour are unsuccessful. Taken as a whole, these two stories show how very important non-verbal communication is in child-adult relationships. In About Effie Neils most significant impression of Effie is created when she wait ons at him . Neil tells how when he first meets the new maid, she verbalisms at him with such(prenominal) meaning that it scares him . . .the way youll know her is this shell look at you as if she thought you were someone she was waiting for, and it will probably scare you. It did me (82). Neil describes the first time he meets Effie in terms of the way they look at each other, saying The first time I saw her, she saw me first (82). Neil is shocked by this new maid, not only because she gives him such a profound look, but also because she bursts into tears upon seeing him. Neil tries to make sense of why Effie would become so emotional upon seeing him, and tries to discover much about this mysterious person for whom she is waiting... ...her captures both Neils naivete at the time and the sadness of his fathers war obligation. Through looking at this photograph Neil realizes and accepts that the incident was truly not his fathers fault. The non-verbal image contained in the photo graph provides the key to Neils understanding. In War Neils attempts to communicate non-verbally through his behaviour are ineffective. However, in both stories Neil reaches understanding through powers of observation, even when the adults are un competent to communicate through words. In reaching understanding, Neil takes a step towards adulthood himself. Through the process of looking at Effies smiles and looking at his fathers wounded face in the photograph, Neil is able to decode the mystery of their actions. Works CitedFindley, Timothy. Dinner Along the Amazon. Toronto Penguin Books, 1996.

Thermodynamics of the Dissolution Borax

Thermodynamics of the Dissolution of Borax Lina Jawadi Objectives * Study a system of salt and urine solution. * Determining a variety of important thermodynamics quantities from the solubility information at various temperatures. Background The salt and water solution in this experiment has relatively simple solubility balance of borax in water. Na2B4O7 . 10 H2O 2Na + + B4O5(OH)42- + 8H2O This reaction is an equilibrium process and 8 water molecules from the hydrated salt are lost to the reaction medium. The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction isK = Na+2 B4O5(OH)42- H2O8 Na2B4O7 . 10 H2O In this experiment we will always make sure there is some solid borax be in the sample mixture before removing some of it to analyze it. Therefore, we can assume that the concentration of solid borax is constant. In addition, the water molecules which were originally part of the boraxs crystalline matrix is lost to the sample mixture however, it doesnt significantly affect the conce ntration of the water. The equilibrium constant expression can now be simplified to become K = Na+2 B4O5(OH)42-The first equilibrium expression and the balanced solubility equilibrium reaction get us to express either borate ion or sodium ion in terms of the other. So, it is possible to determine the constant in terms of either ion. After substituting borax ion in place of the sodium ion, (Na+ = 2 B4O5(OH)42- , K = (2 B4O5(OH)42- )2 * B4O5(OH)42- ) we get K = 4 B4O5(OH)42-3 . Finding the concentration of borate ion in any sample at any given temperature gives us the solubility crossway at that temperature. Equipment * 5mL pipet * Test tubes * Marker * Hot plate * 250 mL beaker * Flask Electric balance Procedure 1. Using the pipet add 5mL of distilled water to 10 test tubes. 2. Mark the level with the marker and pour the water out. Mark the test tube with the assigned temperature. 3. Weigh 30-32g of solid sodium borate decahydrate (borax) in a 250 mL beaker and then add 150 mL of w ater. 4. Place the mixture on a hot plate, but dont allow its temperature to exceed 50oC. 5. After all the borax dissolves, add more and let the temperature reach 45oC. 6. Once it starts slightly exceeding 45oC, remove it from the hot plate and place rather a beaker filled with 150 mL of distilled water. . Continue stirring the mixture until it reaches the desired temperature. 8. Quickly pour 5 mL of the mixture in two test tube without transferring any solid borax. (record the temperature before and after the transfer. ) 9. When the water bath reaches 45oC, place the test tube in it until precipitation of borax has dissolved. 10. In a flask with 50-75 mL of water and 10 drops of bromocresol green indicator, add 125 mL of the borax solution. 11. Before titrating the borax with acid make sure that it has a blue color.Using buret filled with 50 mL oh HCl, add the acid to the borax until it reaches the endpoint, which is when the solution turns from a blue color to a yellow. Record the initial and final volume. (For calculations find the moles of borax victimisation the volume of HCl and its molarity. Then find the solubility product constant and plot the ksp vs. (1/t) graph and from it obtain the values of ? H and ? S. Make sure the temperature is in kB when doing the calculations. Finally, find the value of ? G using both equations and plot the ? G vs. time graph. )

Qualites on a Good Teacher Essay

With my noble school years behind me, I would like to reverse roles a microprocessor chip and offer some advice to apprizeers. My senior year, I had one of my outgo teachers ever. Her name was Mrs. Jacob. The area where she excelled the most was in making math interesting and making her students move and interested in learning more most math. Some nights, I would look forward to doing my math firesidework as I first, struggled through anomalous grammar exercises. I always looked forward to my math class. Mrs.Jacob used a creative approach to math, she kept a well disciplined class, and she connected with each and each student in her class.Unfortunately, the truth is that our public schools are doing a worse job that most parents would dare to imagine. Not only are most of our high school students completely unprepared for college, the reality is that most of them render non fifty-fifty been equipped with the necessary skills they deficiency to function at a in truth basi c level in the real world. In the Steve Perry book, Push Has Come To Shove , Perry covers the full range of issue holding back todays students.He states some teachers are lazy, that they go through the same sorry ass lessons for twenty years and teachers who think that Monday is the worst day of the week and Friday the best. A lot of these teachers are not taking the responsibility that is expected of them. They inquire to understand that many students do not have the guidance they should have. The teachers and the parents need to step up their game and not give up on students that are having trouble with their education. However, we cannot yet blame the schools. Many students are lazy, over-extended and discouraged about school.Many students have very few skills to contribute to society, especially after they graduate from high school. It is a national disgrace. The Mike Rose essay, I practiced Wanna be Average tells the story about some of the authors throughout high school. W hen he was a freshmen, he accidentally got placed into a vocational program. Instead pf putting up a fight to try to get out of it, he made the best of his situation. Rose states students ordain tramp to the mark you set It is clear in Roses essay that the Vocational Track housed the more unruly and unmotivated students.The question is why did these students solve not to put effort into their school work? The answer? Look to their teachers. In Roses essay, Ken Harvey says he still motivations to be average. He recalls himself to be below average, and once someone is told, enough times, that he or she is not capable or sack outs that a teacher expects little from that student, the student begins to believe it. He performs at the lower level expected of him. To successfully engage students in a subject, creativity is paramount. Sure, a teacher can take repacked strong and efficiently transmit it.But, to be a great teacher, he or she needs to know how to develop creative lesson plans and projects. He or she needs to have an arsenal of techniques and to a fault to be a problem-solver. Perry states that students want to be entertained. If the teacher bores them in a conversation they would decide not to pay attention. That is why teachers need to be creative with their lesson plans. For example, Mrs. Jacob, my senior math teacher , always showed us creative ways to solve a math problem. She showed us different techniques so the students could choose which technique they liked better.She always found creative ways to engage us. Limitations can be a unafraid thing to motivate creativity. In creative teaching, assignment limitations provide a way to change the students work habits. When a student isnt allowed to repeat a beaten(prenominal) pathway into the work, additional creative effort is expended to succeed. As long as the difficulty level is reasonable, new learning happens. Creative teachers make mistakes, but they also search for ways to overcome mis takes. Each time they try something, they review the outcomes and try to imagine ways to make improvements.An effective teacher give teach students to be responsible and respectful to both their peers and to their teachers. If thither were no discipline, people would do what they wanted and make mistakes without putting the consideration of others first. A teacher will demand that his rules are clear and that, if they do not follow the rules, clear consequences go into motion. For example , when I was at my Catholic high school, teachers made their expectations for conduct crystal clear, which led to organized and well behaved students.When I was late to class, my teachers would make sure I will stay after school and clean up the rooms or they would send me to room 114 to have a long talk with the vice principal to get additional consequence from him. They also did not allow students that were graduating to honest have average grades. The students needed to prove to them that they want their diploma. I feel that every high school should be that way. The truth is that there are some teachers who abuse the discipline process sending every student who is even slightly out of line to the office.In I just Wonna be Average, Rose states his teachers act like they could care less about teaching their students and, instead use physical violence or lack of lessons plans to temper them. Teachers should find different ways to control their student and not just by giving them lesson plans to control them. That will not work. In the Vocational track, especially, they should know how to handle these students. The key is earning respect. Respect will go a long way in being a strong disciplinarian. No teacher will have success in classroom unless he or she connects with students.Teachers who have a caring relationship with students are academically more successful . A caring teacher can transform the school experience, especially for students who face enormous difficultie s, such as dropping out or dysfunctional home lives. Carl T Rowans essay Unforgettable Miss Bessie tells the story about his former high school teacher , Miss Bessie, and how her teachings had deeper meaning than just the subjects she taught in class. Mrs. Bessie states Carl, never frets about what you dont have. Just make the most of what you do have. -a brain Since she knew Carl was not wealthy ,she had that connection with him.She taught Carl never to be bothered by what he did not have. Miss Bessie made a big impact on Carls life. Miss Bessie was an important factor in his life because she gave him the push and motivation he needed to succeed the way he did. She was influential to many students and to Carl in particular. Teachers should be mentors that shape the characters of their students to prepare for the society. These teachers would want their student to achieve in life no matter what situation they are in. I had a great connection with my math teacher I was able to talk t o her about things especially when my grandmother died.I was so depressed, that I did not want to do a thing. She was the type of teacher who would not cut down homework because you had problems, but she gave me extra time to do it. She would always be there to help you after school or even before school. Thats why having a connection with the teacher is always best because if the teacher really does care, just like Miss Bessie. Such a teacher would do anything to help you as long as you care and are willing to pass the course. In the modern approach to education , good teaching is becoming increasingly important and a teacher can make a tremendous impact on a students education.While students outpouring scores have become an indicator of practices and it is possible to identify who the very good teachers are and who the poor teachers are the caring attitude of some teachers makes them stand out above the others. Mrs. Jacob fell into that category, she would continue to inspire st udents the way they should be and always be right their when students need her for any sort of way not just the subjects she teaches. Now an days we need teachers like Mrs. Jacob so students could achieve more in their academics and in life itself.

Human Services Issue Memorandum Essay

I am presenting this letter of memorandum, as I would like to solicit the attention of the f number management department in our organization regarding a certain issue that I believe is important for the effectiveness of our purpose and visionary goal. I rightfully believe that each and e precise personnel associated in this social religious service organization are very much concerned with the significant effects of our activities for the connections benefits and thus we want to do everything to our abilities and resources to improve the results towards our goals.Considering the previous statistical results gathered through our clients feedbacks, we could say that our organization indeed has functioned efficaciously in our servitude with the societies that we hold back determined to be in indispensableness of our expertise and service. However, I have unc everyplaceed a certain issue that is significant to our field of view of child care that I believe can significantly pro mote the success and effectiveness of our organization and thus, I am presenting this now through this memorandum.Our field of childcare has primarily focused on the aspects of nurturing the children, addressing their needs and developing a suitable environment that can foster a healthy lifestyle for these newfangled individuals. Because of which, as related to this field of childcare, I believe that the issue presented in a recent contemplate regarding the influences and effects of media particularly television programs to the children must be integrated to our organizations concerns and approaches.As gathered through the research study, too much television access for the children can have an adverse effect to their young bodies and minds. Some of which, as determined by this study is the psychological irritability of the child, sleeplessness, early exposure to violence and mature scenario leading to the exploitation of the imagination of the child and some other adverse health conditions.Because of which, I believe that our organization must incorporate this issue in our campaigns and programs through launching an information awareness fix to educate the parents and other concerned adults regarding the adverse effects of early television access. As our primary concern is childcare, I sincerely believe that we must withal be concerned with this issue and some parents and guardians are still not yet aware or fully influenced with this fact. As I have observed in some of our campaign drives and programs, children watching television programs at an early age is a common practice in our society.Parents, due to their meddling schedules and hectic lifestyles are neglecting the fact that their young children are already fully focus on varieties of television programs manifesting some of the previously mentioned symptoms. On the long execute particularly if yet unattended, this can cause a tragic condition for these young children and thus organization must react upon this issue. As our organization has already established a reliable name in the aspect of childcare social services, I believe that this group and its activities can be a very effective medium in sp study the facts about the said issue.Indeed, through incorporating the said issue regarding the controvert effects of television programs to the young minds of the children, we can convince the parents and concerned adults to react upon this matter thus, protecting the children against the adverse effect of this issue as similar to the primary purpose and goals of this child care social service organization, Human Service Personnel Institute of Child Care Social Services http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_48893. html. TV Use Pervasive Among Tiniest Tots Almost two-thirds of kids under 2 watch TV daily, study findsHealthDay Monday, May 7, 2007 MONDAY, May 7 (HealthDay bracings) Parents dont have the appearance _or_ semblance to be heeding expert pediatrician guidelines that urge a fling on TV watching for their very youngest children. The American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends that children 2 and under watch no TV at all. However, a new study finds that on a typical day, only 37 percent of children between zero and 2 years old watch no television, and as many as one in five youngsters under 2 even have a television placed in their bedrooms. much than half (54 percent) of these tiny tots could turn on the TV themselves.I understand the AAPs stance, because we dont yet know the neurological implications of screen duration in young children, said the studys author, Elizabeth Vandewater, associate director of the population research center and an associate professor of human development and family sciences at the University of Texas in Austin. On the other hand, she said, I dont think the guidelines are realistic. The studys findings werent all bad. Vandewater put up that just over half of 3- to 4-year-olds and 70 percent of 5- and 6-year-olds watched no more than than the recommended limit of two hours daily.In the 3 to 6 age group, TV in the bedroom became more common, with about one-third having a set in the bedroom. The findings were published in the May issue of Pediatrics. To learn more about actual viewing habits in young children, Vandewater and her colleagues surveyed 1,051 parents of young children during 2005. They asked about media use, whether or not there was a TV in the bedroom, and also about other activities, such as reading and playing outdoors, to see if TV use was supplanting other pursuits.On an average day, three-quarters of children watched at least some television, and about one-third watched videos or DVDs, the study found. The average viewing cadence was one hour and 20 minutes, which falls within the AAP guideline of no more than one to two hours for children over 3. The researchers didnt find that TV typically displaced other activities, such as reading or outdoor play. However, Vandewater said that in previous research shes conducted, she has found that TV may replace time spent interacting with parents.Its important to remember that if you turn off the TV, the assumption is that the family will spend time together, hardly thats not always true. They might find other things to do separately, she said. Its also important that we dont assume all time spent with parents is good, quality time. If parents are under stress, thats not necessarily a good time to be together, and it might not be so bad to pop in a video for a half an hour, Vandewater said. She also commiserated with parents who might find the no TV rule tough to stick by to. Media and technology are not going away, Vandewater said.Theyre part of the backdrop of our everyday lives TV stands are now standard living room furniture. So, we need to figure out how to give advice thats workable. Dr. Christopher Lucas, director of the early childhood service at the New York University Child S tudy Center in New York City, agreed that its difficult to keep children under 2 from watching any TV, because TV has become so ubiquitous in American life. The guidelines seem out of sync with what the reality is, said Lucas. Neither Vandewater or Lucas is specifically advocating TV watching for young children.Instead, theyre just acknowledging that it does occur and that theres currently no evidence to prove that its harmful. Lucas said to be helpful, TV needs to be put into context for children. Unsupervised, passive watching plausibly isnt helpful, but educational media when watched with parents or another caregiver could be helpful, he said. Both Vandewater and Lucas were concerned about the growing trend of TVs in childrens bedrooms. Most often, parents interviewed in the study said they put a TV set in their kids room because it freed up other TVs in the house for parental use.There is a growing body of literature showing that TV in the bedroom is related to a host of nega tive outcomes. I would strongly urge parents not to put TV in a childs bedroom, said Vandewater. Theres this belief that TV is helpful to children and may soothe them, but TV activates the brain and actually makes it more difficult to sleep, explained Lucas. Vandewaters final advice? Media is a treat. Like any other treat, its best in moderation. HealthDay Copyright (c) 2007 ScoutNews, LLC. All rights reserved.

Kit Kat Company Essay

1 INTRODUCTION kit out qat started in August 29 in 1935 in York by Rowntree, in 1973 kit up computed tomography entered in Japan market. In 1988, Nestle took over the fit qat ( outfit Kat, 2014). Today, outfit Kat is very prospered in Japan, Kit Kat has much then two hundred disparate products in Japan, it sustain Kit Kat take away more and more market sh atomic emergence 18 in Japan( Kit Kat, 2014). More and more people think Kit Kat is like a logo in Japan, because on that point argon some special Kit Kat products exactly exchange in Japan. Kit Kat success in Japan is the fact, but why Kit Kat is successful in Japan, it must be affect with generic strategy. Kit Kat utilize the right strategy to help them success. generic strategy is very important for the keep keep society, it bequeath help the confederacy increase the competitive. When the Kit Kat choose the right generic strategy, it will help the company more stronger, they arsehole get more market shares, h elp the company to be successful. 2. Generic StrategyGeneric strategy was described by Micheal usher in 1979, Porters generic strategy is talking about how a company increase the competitive advantage in their chosen market. in that respect are three generic strategy, exist leadership, contraryiation or decoct, focus is about two different way, cost focus or differentiation focus (Oxlearn.com, 2014). Cost leadership strategy means save the cost in the organization help the company to increase the competitive advantage. For example Wal-Mart, they are using cost leadership, they are very successful, they find the cheap domestic suppliers and from low-wage foreign markets, they keep the cost and usingthe lower price selling to the customers (Sm wholly Business Chron.com, 2014). differentiation strategy means a company using umteen different products to increase the competitive advantage and get more market shares.For example, Apple company is a very successful in the world, the y have many different products, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac, Watch, etc. They are using different products to remedy themselves, help the company to get more customers and market shares. Focus strategy is including cost focus and differentiation focus. The different with cost focus and differentiation focus is focus the cost or products differentiation. Cost focus is focus the cost, use the lower cost to improve the competitive advantage. Differentiation focus is a company try to produce the different products in the new market take the company more stronger, increasing the competitive advantage. Kit Kat is a successful company in the world, they are using cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy.There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen cost leadership strategy. get off cost new(a) materials. Kit Kat owned by Nestle SA. Kit Kat is selling chocolate, when they making the products, the fill the raw materials, for example sugar, milk, hot chocolate and cocoa. Nestle SA is doing business with this raw materials, so they shadower use the cheaper prices to get the raw materials (MarketWatch, 2014). That will help the company to reduce the cost, it means Kit Kat can use the lower price to selling their product and keep the profit, increase the competitive advantage. Retail. In January 15 2014, the worlds outgrowth Kit Kat opened in Tokyo (Ashcraft, 2014).Before 2014, Kit Kat do not have any store, they only selling in the opposite shops. All of the customer can buy the Kit Kat from the supermarket or shops. It can help the company save the cost. They are selling in the supermarket can help the company, they do not quest to hire more employees and open the own shop they need to spend more cost. Today they opened the first store in Tokyo, but customer also can buy the Kit Kat from the supermarket or in former(a) shops, it can help the company get more customer and increase the competitive advantages. There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen differentiation strategy. The strategy customer.Kit Kat has more then 200 different products in Japan. There are more then forty products are only selling in Japan, for example Wasabi, Strawberry Cheesecake, Lemon Vinegar, and Cucumber (Break with Kit Kat, 2014). Kit Katproduces many different products, that is achieve the differentiation strategy, they try to use the differentiation to improve the company. Different people has different taste, need and want, so different will get more and more customer to buy the products, different product is fitted to different customers. That is the reason why different products can increase the competitive advantage for the company. All of the different products have their own package, different colour and different weight.In 1942, Kit Kat fist time selling the blue Kit Kat in the market, in 1949, Kit Kat start to selling red Kit Kat in the market, after that, Kit Kat produced more and more different Kit Kat, for example, in 1990s Kit Kat sta rt to selling the Nestle Macintosh Corporation ( Kit Kat, 2014). Japan is a developed country, people want to improve the quality of life, so they need more different products, they want more different experience. Everyones life is different, so they have different demand, students, workers and old people have different need, today you can find much more different Kit Kat in Japan, anyone can choose different Kit Kat for them. Different Kit Kat has own colour, people like different colour, so different colour can keep different customer and different weight is fitted for different customer, for example, if one family like eating Kit Kat, they need more weight, can help them save time, do not need to buy many times, so bigger weight is suit for them. Key competitors.Kit Kat is doing business with chocolate, but there are some chocolate industry in the world, for exampleFerrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbury brands. They are also doing the business with chocolate, the are also very successful, so Kit Kat need to improve the competitive advantage. new(prenominal) brand do not have much different products, but Kit Kat have many different products, it will help Kit Kat easy to get the customer. Kit Kat is owned by Nestl SA which also owns a range of other product brands, from 2007 to 2012, the market share only changed 0.7%, that mean differentiation help the Kit Kat keep the market shares (Break with Kit Kat, 2014).Kit Kats target market is men and women of all ages, so different products can help Kit Kat keep the market shares. All of the chocolate company selling the products in Japanese market, the number of customers is fixed, so Kit Kat is using differentiation strategy to increase the competitive advantage, when Kit Katfight with other company in the market, they are more stronger, they can get more market shares, help the company more successful. 3. Ebola and Kit KatEbola virus is an infectious disease, this disease has a towering risk of death (Who.in t, 2014). First cases notified in March 2014 in west Africa.(Who.int, 2014). It affect the price of cocoa, in November the price of cocoa up twenty pct, to begin with November it was up to thirty-five part to forty percent (PBS NewsHour, 2014). West Africa is the worlds largest cocoa origin, when Ebola virus found in west Africa, that affect the cocoa trade, many farmer in Ebola virus disease, because this disease has a high risk of death, so much of the farmer died of Ebola virus disease, so they lose a lot of labor, they do have enough people to working with the cocoa, so the chocolate company can not buy the enough cocoa, demand higher(prenominal) then supply, the price of cocoa will going up. In USA, all of the price of chocolate increase ten cents for each Kit Kat. Kit Kat is a chocolate company, cocoa is the most important raw material, they need the cocoa to make the chocolate, but the price of cocoa going up, so they need to spend more cost on the cocoa, but they did not p ass all the cost to the customers, so in 2014 the sales slump seven percent (FoodNavigator-USA.com, 2014).Kit Kat can use operational level strategy. Operational level strategy A plan that details how a business will use its production resources to meet its goals. Many business managers will put together a detailed operation strategy in order to clear present to subordinate staff their plans for how their portion of the business should function in order to attain its objectives (BusinessDictionary.com, 2014). The price of cocoa up around twenty percent is about the global economy, so all of the chocolate companies are increase the costs, they also need the cocoa to produce the products. If Kit Kat is using cost same like other time, they also want to keep the profit, they must transfer the cost to the customer, it means increase the price of the Kit Kat, but Kit Kat can choose to reduce the cost in the transport or other please, they also can find the cocoa supplies from other coun tries, help them to reduce the cost.Seventy percent cocoa from west Africa, there are also thirty percent cocoa they can find, using the cocoa from other may be is cheaper, try to save the cost in the other places, for example package,or transportation. Kit Kat can find the cheaper other raw materials, help the company to reduce the cost. When Kit Kat try to save the cost in other places, do not increase the price of products, they can increase the competitive advantage, help the company keep the customer and market shares.4. ConclusionKit Kat is a very successful company in Japan. Kit Kat is start from 1935 to now, Kit Kat has 79 years history. In this 79 years, Kit Kat from a small business decent this successful company, because they are using the right strategy, right strategy can help the company service and becoming more stronger. They have more the 4 hundred different products, they can fight with the Ferrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbury brands, and becoming same with th at brands, even more successful in Japan. Different strategy suit for different situation and different company, there is not best strategy, there is only suitable strategy, a strategy may be can take the company more and more successful or closed.5. List of ReferencesKit Kat. 2014. KitKat History. Online. Available from http//nestle.jp/brand/kit/about/history/ Accessed 22 DEC 2014. Oxlearn.com, (2014) Oxford Learning laboratory Watch it Learn it Badge it. Online. Available from http//www.oxlearn.com/arg_Marketing-Resources-Porter%27s-Generic-Strategies_11_33 Accessed 28 celestial latitude 2014. Small Business Chron.com, (2014) Examples of Cost Leadership & Strategy Marketing. Online. Available from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-cost-leadership-strategy-marketing-12259.htm l Accessed 28 December 2014. MarketWatch, (2014) Nestle keeps view on raw material inflation. Online. Available from http//www.marketwatch.com/story/nestle-keeps-view-on-raw-material-inflation-2012 -08-09 Accessed 28 December 2014. Ashcraft, B. (2014) The Worlds First Kit Kat gillyflower Is Opening in Tokyo, Kotaku. Online. Available from http//kotaku.com/the-worlds-first-kit-kat-store-is-opening-in-tokyo-1501753395 Accessed 28 December 2014. Break with Kit Kat, (2014) Global Business Strategy. Online. Available from http//breakwithkitkat.weebly.com/global-business-strategy.html Accessed

Why Did Civil War Break Out in 1642

Lack of Money One of the reasons why the civil war broke extinct in England in 1642 was because of Charles lack of money. To discover the writer of this, we claim to go back to the beginning of James reign. James was the first King to reign over both England and Scotland, and when he came down from Scotland it is said that he was stupid(p) at how rich England was, while James had needed to borrow money for his travelling expenses. When James died in 1625, Charles came to the throne, and he, like his father, had very little money.Once Charles became King, the County Faction1 wanted him to go to war with the Catholics in Spain, so Charles asked them for taxes to use on the war. They refused to pay enough, so the war was hopeless, and fantan blamed the King for this. The reason fantan granted so few taxes was that they wanted to make sure they were called again. Charles, a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings, thought that he should not have to district with Parliament, and the only thing that kept him calling it was money2. One good example of the way Parliament made sure they were called back in Charles reign was tunnage and poundage.These were duties imposed on certain imports and exports. It was normal for these duties to be indomitable in the first Parliament of a monarchs reign, but in the case of Charles, they only decided on it for one year, so the King would be forced to call them again. Although Charles tried to ask for more money, Parliament refused, because they believed he spent it on his favourites. Because of this, Charles had to beget himself more money. He began using the Church Courts, exploiting taxes such as ship money3, and selling monopolies and titles. He also opened a Court of Star Chamber, which he used to fine people heavily to raise money.Since the judges in the Star Chamber were officials of the Crown, and there was no jury, Charles could be sure of getting a favourable result. Parliament was furious with this, and immedia tely drew up the Petition of Right, which asked the King to stop contraband taxation. The King signed it, but only because Parliament threatened to impeach Buckingham, one of the Kings favourites. The quarrels about money went on, and in conclusion Charles decided to dissolve Parliament. He reigned without them for 11 years. When the new prayer book was brought into Scotland, a radical called the Covenanters attempted to invade England.Charles called a Parliament to try and get taxes to fight the Covenanters, but they refused4, so Charles dissolved them again. He was forced to pay the frugal ? 850 a day to stop them advancing, and eventually, in 1641, his money ran out, and he had to call Parliament he was bankrupt and at their mercy, so money was definitely a call factor in the outbreak of the civil war. Religion Another major influence in the outbreak of the civil war was religion. The religious quarrels began right at the branch of Charles reign, when Charles married Henrie tta Maria, a French Catholic.Although Charles didnt choose to marry her his father, James, set up the marriage the public, especially the Puritans, didnt like having a Catholic as Queen. A few extremists even saw this as a sign that Charles was secretly Catholic After the King dissolved Parliament, he made William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1633. While Laud was Archbishop, he made many changes to the Church. Most of these changes involved beatifying the Church and bringing back robes for priests, statues and stained-glass windows. All these things reminded the English of Catholicism.In 1636, Archbishop Laud decided to precede the English Prayer Book (which stated how services should be run) into Scotland. There was nationwide rioting, because no one wanted to follow the new Prayer Book. Scotland was a Presbyterian (Puritan) area, and they thought that the English Prayer Book was far too Catholic to use in Scotland. This eventually led to many Scots, called the Covenan ters, marching down the hoidenish in an attempt to invade England. At this point, Charles had to call Parliament to ask for taxes to pay for the war, but was horrified to see that most of the MPs were on the Covenanters side.Parliament concord that the Prayer Book was too Catholic, so Charles dissolved them again, but after he ran out of money to pay the Scots (see the Money section above) he was forced to call Parliament again. Parliament first put Laud on trial, and found him guilty. Later they decided to execute Strafford on charges of organising an army in Ireland, where he governed. It turned out that this was a big mistake. As soon as Strafford was executed, the Irish Catholics rebelled against the Protestants, saying they were rebelling for the King.Although it was clear this was not true, Parliament did not trustfulness the King when he asked them for an army, and so refused, believing he would use it to crush them instead. Foreign Affairs Another factor in the outbreak o f civil war was foreign affairs. On the continent, the 30 Years War was going on, where Catholic rulers attempted to wipe out the Protestants in their countries. This fuelled peoples fears that something similar might happen in England. Other foreign causes of the war were from Ireland and Scotland, and are detailed above. Charles PersonalityAlthough it may seem unimportant, Charles personality was a major factor in the events leading to civil war. To start with, Charles hadnt expected to be King at all his elder brother, Henry, had been expected to take the job, but when he died suddenly in 1612, Charles became the heir to the throne. Charles also believed in the Divine Right of Kings. He thought, as his father had before him, that Kings were appointed by God, and could not be wrong. He disliked having to rule with Parliament, and thought that he should be able to do anything he liked. This caused much friction between him and the MPs. Parliament The Short ParliamentWhen Parliamen t was summoned in April 1640, Charles had governed for eleven years without them5, and while this for certain went against the spirit of the English constitution, it was within the Kings prerogative to do so. Charles was forced to call a parliament when the Scots rebelled. Putting an army into the field to deal with the Scots put a heavy drain on the royal finances, so Charles needed to levy a tax, which he could only do with the consent of Parliament. When Parliament met the gentry from the counties used the occasion to vent their frustration, with Harbottle Grimston and John Pym leading a catalogue of complaints.Three weeks later, Charles dissolved Parliament, blaming the malicious cunning of some few seditious touch men. This was known as the Short Parliament and it sat from 13 April, 1640, to 5 May, 1640. The war with the Scots did not fair well for Charles, but he eventually came to an agreement of ? 850 a day to keep the Scots at bay. The Long Parliament In order to pay this and get funds for a terminal settlement Charles had to summon another Parliament6. This time Charles could not afford to dismiss Parliament until he got what he wanted, and this gave Parliament an important card to play in what was to come.The Long Parliament, as it was known, sat from 3 November, 1640, for 13 years, until Oliver Cromwell suppressed it. It should be noted it was not formally dismissed until 1660, after the Restoration. Therefore, when Parliament met in November 1640, it was with a mood of constitutional reform. Of the 493 MPs elected * 340 were anti-Court (the County Faction) * 64 were for the Court (supporters of the King) * 59 were of an unknown disposition * 17 were disabled from sitting (these were mainly of the Court Camp) * The remain 13 were probably of the Court Faction.Parliament pinned the blame for what went wrong on the Kings advisors, rather than Charles himself, sending both Strafford and Laud to the Tower. Charles also tried to heal the rift by sig ning Straffords death warrant, passing a bill that allowed for Parliament not to be dissolved without its own consent, a bill making ship money illegal and other bills that taken together demolished the framework of prerogative government. The Thrilling Climax All of these causes led to some key events in 1641 and 1642. It turned out that the execution of Strafford had been a mistake. Without Strafford to reign over Ireland, the Irish rebelled in 1641.This raised an insoluble problem who would command the Army, King or Parliament? John Pym took the initiatory by issuing the Militia Bill and, more importantly, the Grand Remonstrance. It listed all the things Charles had done wrong in his reign, suggested less power for bishops, and said that Parliament should have power over the Church and the appointment of Royal ministers. It was passed by 11 votes, which meant that, while most of the Commons had previously been against him, now almost half of them support him. However, it was aft er this that the King made a foolish move.On the advice of his Queen (who was used to French politics, where the King had much more power over the way the country was run), Charles decided to arrest the five ringleaders, including Pym. On 4 January, 1642, Charles attempted to get into the Commons to arrest the five MPs, and found that after he and his guards had battered the penetration down, the MPs had been warned and werent there. This action turned most of Parliament against him once more, because it was held to be a breach of Parliamentary privilege7. On the next day, the escaped MPs paraded up and down London guarded by the Trained Bands, an army of part-time soldiers.

Nobel Prize Winner: James Watson

Among the most notable and controversial Nobel Prize recipients is James Watson. He, together with Francis kink and Maurice Wilkins, was awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1962 in the Physiology or Medicine category. He is one of the scientists who discovered the molecular social grammatical construction of the deoxyribonucleic acid which is hailed as one of the great(p) breakthroughs in the field of Sciences.James Dewey Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in shekels, Illinois. In his early life, he was said to be fond of bird-gazing together with his father. When he was 12 age old, he was part of the famous radio depute entitled Quiz Kids, a game which ch all(prenominal)enged young students to a quiz contest. At the age of 15, Watson entered the University of Chicago with the help of the then liberal policy of Robert Hutchins, the University president. In 1946, his interest in the field of science changed from his former concern on ornithology to genetics after he had read What Is Life? by Erwin Schrodinger. In 1947, he current his Bachelors degree in Zoology from the same university.Among Watsons foremost influences was Salvador Luria, in any case a Nobel Prize winner. He was engrossed to the last mentioned(prenominal)s bring which exposed him on the nature of genetic mutations. In the first months of 1948, Watson started to pursue his Ph.D. enquiry at indium University at Lurias laboratory. He was able to meet with another Nobel Prize recipient Max Delbruck. Delbruck and Luria were the pioneers of the Phage Group, a movement of geneticists who underwent studies and researches on microbial genetics.Eventually, Watson was as well as able to work with the sort out as a work scientist. His experience with the Phage group opened up his scientific association on the nature and structure of genes. In invest to develop his knowledge near the components of a gene, he took a course with another scientist Feliz Haurowitz in 1949 in which he was able to g ain the conventional views on genes such as genes were proteins and vice versa that genes have the capacity to replicate themselves and other scientific data about the deoxyribonucleic acid.But through with all those knowledge, Watson was also intrigue with the work of Oswald Avery explaining that desoxyribonucleic acid was indeed the genetic molecule. Towards his doctoral studies, he underwent X-rays researches which take in chargeed to de-motivate bacterial viruses. In 1950, he received his Ph.D. in Zoology at Indiana University.To be able to enhance more his knowledge on genetics and genetic composition, Watson went to Europe to pursue a postdoctoral study. He stayed at the laboratory in Copenhagen owned by a biochemist named Herman Kalckar whose studies were also linked with the nucleic acids. Through his stay with Kalckars laboratory, he was able to dish out experiments with another member of the Phage group, Ole Maaloe.The latters studies and researches were concerned on t he desoxyribonucleic acid and the earlier supposition that it is the genetic molecule. In a meeting in Italy where he accompanied Kalckar, he met Maurice Wilkins who was also a devoted geneticist. In an event, Wilkins had shown Watson an X-ray diffraction data for desoxyribonucleic acid (which was originally worked out by Rosalind Franklin). After comprehend the X-ray, he came to a conclusion that deoxyribonucleic acid had a distinct structure. Watson attempted to discover this through his data- behindd research done in different universities.Watson came to a decision to be familiar with playing X-ray diffraction experiments for the reason that such undertaking would lead him to a more probable and easier stripping of the deoxyribonucleic acid structure (He was inspired by Linus Pauling who was able to let go the protein alpha helix model with his unremitting efforts in undergoing X-ray experiments on molecular model.In 1951, Watson, together with Francis wrick and Maurice Wi lkins, started to work out a series of observational researches using Franklins X-ray findings on DNA structure. A controversy was said to occur during the period of experimental researches among Watson, Crick and Wilkins for the reason that they were using Franklins data and findings without the latters knowledge and consent.To further study Franklins X-ray findings, Watson attended one of Franklins seminar by which she explained how she obtained her findings on the DNA structure. Originally, Franklin claimed that the DNA was structured in helix-form. With this, Watson had started again to construct a molecular model but in the end it was remark by Franklin by saying that the phosphate backbones must not be in the inside but on the outside.Eager to finish their attempt, the two utilize Franklins observations in their ultimate attempt to arrive at the DNA structure model. However, 1951, the absolute details of the chemical structure of the backbone of the DNA were identified by Alexander Todd, a biochemist. With that, Watson and Crick were asked to stop working with the DNA structure in 1952. Yet the two had never completely put aside their require to come up with the DNA structure model.After numerous trips which exposed Watson and Crick to different methods and experimental systems that could help them in their account on DNA structure model, they were again asked to continue working on the DNA geomorphological model by the then laboratory director Maurice Wilkins. Through the years, Franklins findings progresses and even developed. The two, again, used Franklins findings in their experimental research on the DNA structure.The most outstanding contribution of Watson in the entire pursuit of the structural model of the DNA was his discovery of the nucleotide base pairs. These base pairs are said to be the chief answer in solving the structure and function of the DNA. Watson used the Pauling tradition, which he was formerly exposed.On February 1953, Wats on worked out a molecule model which used a straight periphery, and exacto blade, white cardboard and adhesive. He do the molecules flat in their handbuild so that he could slip ones mind the cardboard models and inspect how they work. Through such improvised models, Watson saw that the bigger two ring (A and G nucleobase also referred as the purines) could be matched with a lesser one ring (T and C nucleobases also referred as the pyrimidines).Watson hypothesized if the tow pairs could be paired through a hydrogen stick with which he discovered possible. He then observed that the two pairs could be placed over on each other with alike general configuration. To elaborate, the hexangular rings were central and the comparative courses of the five-member rings of A and G were the identical. Watson perceived that numerous members were falling into place such that he regarded it as the answer. He was castigate for formulating such conclusion. Watsons discovery of the base pairs wa s unswerving with what Chargaff, also a biochemist, had already worked out.Not so long that Watson and Crick had completed their experimental research on the structural model of DNA by concluding the double helix form of the DNA. They presented their findings through a journal entitled Nature. With this great discovery, Watson and his co-scientists Crick and Wilkins were accustomed the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their discovery of the structure of nucleic acids.Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier the controversy involving the original works of Franklin had put the three Nobel Prize Awardees in so such(prenominal) criticisms primarily with their failure to grant the contribution of Franklin. But Watson took the courage to clarify the issue and appraise Franklins involvement in the discovery of the DNA structural model. In 1968, he promulgated a book entitled The Double-Helix which explained his groups side regarding the controversy with Franklin.He clarified that it was not intention al to bypass Franklin all throughout their achievements. He said that Franklin was really one of the persons who gave him the impetus to strive harder and make him more careful in analyzing his experimental research on DNA structure. In the end, his team included Franklin as one of the most important persons behind the success of their structural model of DNA.Watsons published book made the public encounter how scientists like him undergo so much hardships for the sake of scientific discoveries which can really aid the entire mankind in shake up the quality of their lives. He had proven that with great effort and outstanding sacrifice, anyone could victoriously achieve his or her goals.Watson did not stop his scientific endeavors with his Nobel Prize award. He worked with the Genome digest in 1988 which he held up until 1992.ReferencesHamilton, J. (2004). James Watson Solving the Mystery of DNA (Nobel Prize-Winning Scientists). Enslow Publishers.Watson, J. D. (2001). The Double H elix A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (First ed.). Touchstone.Nobel prize winner james watsonAmong the most notable and controversial Nobel Prize recipients is James Watson. He, together with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, was awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1962 in the Physiology or Medicine category. He is one of the scientists who discovered the molecular structure of the DNA which is hailed as one of the great breakthroughs in the field of Sciences.James Dewey Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. In his early life, he was said to be fond of bird-gazing together with his father. When he was 12 years old, he was part of the famous radio show entitled Quiz Kids, a game which challenged young students to a quiz contest. At the age of 15, Watson entered the University of Chicago with the help of the then liberal policy of Robert Hutchins, the University president. In 1946, his interest in the field of science changed from his forme r concern on ornithology to genetics after he had read What Is Life? by Erwin Schrodinger. In 1947, he received his Bachelors degree in Zoology from the same university.Among Watsons foremost influences was Salvador Luria, also a Nobel Prize winner. He was engrossed to the latters work which exposed him on the nature of genetic mutations. In the first months of 1948, Watson started to pursue his Ph.D. research at Indiana University at Lurias laboratory. He was able to meet with another Nobel Prize recipient Max Delbruck. Delbruck and Luria were the pioneers of the Phage Group, a movement of geneticists who underwent studies and researches on microbial genetics. Eventually, Watson was also able to work with the group as a working scientist.His experience with the Phage group opened up his scientific knowledge on the nature and structure of genes. In order to develop his knowledge about the components of a gene, he took a course with another scientist Feliz Haurowitz in 1949 in which he was able to gain the conventional views on genes such as genes were proteins and vice versa that genes have the capacity to replicate themselves and other scientific data about the DNA. But through with all those knowledge, Watson was also fascinated with the work of Oswald Avery explaining that DNA was indeed the genetic molecule. Towards his doctoral studies, he underwent X-rays researches which attempted to de-motivate bacterial viruses. In 1950, he received his Ph.D. in Zoology at Indiana University.To be able to enhance more his knowledge on genetics and genetic composition, Watson went to Europe to pursue a postdoctoral study. He stayed at the laboratory in Copenhagen owned by a biochemist named Herman Kalckar whose studies were also linked with the nucleic acids. Through his stay with Kalckars laboratory, he was able to conduct experiments with another member of the Phage group, Ole Maaloe.The latters studies and researches were concerned on the DNA and the earlier supposi tion that it is the genetic molecule. In a meeting in Italy where he accompanied Kalckar, he met Maurice Wilkins who was also a devoted geneticist. In an event, Wilkins had shown Watson an X-ray diffraction data for DNA (which was originally worked out by Rosalind Franklin). After seeing the X-ray, he came to a conclusion that DNA had a distinct structure. Watson attempted to discover this through his experimental research done in different universities.Watson came to a decision to be familiar with performing X-ray diffraction experiments for the reason that such undertaking would lead him to a more probable and easier discovery of the DNA structure (He was inspired by Linus Pauling who was able to publish the protein alpha helix model with his unremitting efforts in undergoing X-ray experiments on molecular model.In 1951, Watson, together with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, started to work out a series of experimental researches using Franklins X-ray findings on DNA structure. A controversy was said to occur during the period of experimental researches among Watson, Crick and Wilkins for the reason that they were using Franklins data and findings without the latters knowledge and consent. To further study Franklins X-ray findings, Watson attended one of Franklins seminar by which she explained how she obtained her findings on the DNA structure.Originally, Franklin claimed that the DNA was structured in helix-form. With this, Watson had started again to construct a molecular model but in the end it was criticize by Franklin by saying that the phosphate backbones must not be in the inside but on the outside. Eager to finish their attempt, the two used Franklins observations in their ultimate attempt to arrive at the DNA structure model. However, 1951, the absolute details of the chemical structure of the backbone of the DNA were identified by Alexander Todd, a biochemist. With that, Watson and Crick were asked to stop working with the DNA structure in 1952. Yet the two had never completely put aside their desire to come up with the DNA structure model.After numerous trips which exposed Watson and Crick to different methods and experimental systems that could help them in their account on DNA structure model, they were again asked to continue working on the DNA structural model by the then laboratory director Maurice Wilkins. Through the years, Franklins findings progresses and even developed. The two, again, used Franklins findings in their experimental research on the DNA structure.The most outstanding contribution of Watson in the entire pursuit of the structural model of the DNA was his discovery of the nucleotide base pairs. These base pairs are said to be the chief answer in solving the structure and function of the DNA. Watson used the Pauling tradition, which he was formerly exposed.On February 1953, Watson worked out a molecule model which used a straight periphery, and exacto blade, white cardboard and adhesive. He made the m olecules flat in their loop so that he could slide the cardboard models and inspect how they work. Through such improvised models, Watson saw that the bigger two ring (A and G nucleobase also referred as the purines) could be matched with a lesser one ring (T and C nucleobases also referred as the pyrimidines).Watson hypothesized if the tow pairs could be paired through a hydrogen bond which he discovered possible. He then observed that the two pairs could be placed over on each other with alike general configuration. To elaborate, the hexagonal rings were central and the comparative courses of the five-member rings of A and G were the identical. Watson perceived that numerous members were falling into place such that he regarded it as the answer. He was right for formulating such conclusion. Watsons discovery of the base pairs was unswerving with what Chargaff, also a biochemist, had already worked out.Not so long that Watson and Crick had completed their experimental research on t he structural model of DNA by concluding the double helix form of the DNA. They presented their findings through a journal entitled Nature. With this great discovery, Watson and his co-scientists Crick and Wilkins were given the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their discovery of the structure of nucleic acids.Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier the controversy involving the original works of Franklin had put the three Nobel Prize Awardees in so much criticisms primarily with their failure to acknowledge the contribution of Franklin. But Watson took the courage to clarify the issue and appraise Franklins involvement in the discovery of the DNA structural model. In 1968, he published a book entitled The Double-Helix which explained his teams side regarding the controversy with Franklin. He clarified that it was not intentional to bypass Franklin all throughout their achievements. He said that Franklin was really one of the persons who gave him the impetus to strive harder and make him more car eful in analyzing his experimental research on DNA structure. In the end, his team included Franklin as one of the most important persons behind the success of their structural model of DNA.Watsons published book made the public realize how scientists like him undergo so much hardships for the sake of scientific discoveries which can really aid the entire mankind in uplifting the quality of their lives. He had proven that with great effort and outstanding sacrifice, anyone could victoriously achieve his or her goals.Watson did not stop his scientific endeavors with his Nobel Prize award. He worked with the Genome Project in 1988 which he held up until 1992.ReferencesHamilton, J. (2004). James Watson Solving the Mystery of DNA (Nobel Prize-Winning Scientists). Enslow Publishers.Watson, J. D. (2001). The Double Helix A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (First ed.). Touchstone.

Multinational Enterprise Practice

Multi national enterprise practice betwixt Australia and In begetteresia using national goal comparison. Todays blood surround is consisting on postgraduate level of turmoil that comes from globoseisation, news technologies, and great transparency (Reeves & vitamin A Deimler, 2009) that demand organisations responsiveness for levels of dramatic, and often tumultuous, organisational reposition and victimisation in order to achieve its organisational goals and objectives (Darling & adenine Heller, 2009).Because of these variationary changes in the business line surround (Stewart, 1993) the scope of organizations has expanded into a various sizes and types which lead to the fundamental need for cross- heathen awareness and understanding of the daily functions of secretenational businesses (De Cieri, Fenwick, Hutchings, 2005). Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to analyse the outside(a) human alternative anxietys challenges and opportunities when transnational enterpr ise operates in both different national cultures simultaneously.This essay uses Australia as the host nation, and In makesia as the host nation subcontractor as the basis of comparison. The judgment of external environment refers to a specific and general environment outside the organisation that canful mend its performance (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2008). These changes that create a revolution movement in the business institution are mainly globalisation and information technology (Stewart, 1993). Particular changes in the external environment can affect their position in the market, dismantling traditional chain of command in the organisation, and restructuring organisation (Stewart, 1993).Thus, it is important to know a few factors that add-on the practice of IHRM in multinational enterprises. In this essay the external environmental factors that are analysed are technology and globalisation. One of the factors that has a significant influence in the business en vironment is technology (Stewart, 1993). The advent of new media and innovation in technology gives troupe choices in how to behavior their recruitment practices, such as online recruitment, which is quick, effective and cost streamlined (Searle, 2006). This leads to he changes in the majority of work that have transformed from manual work to a more knowledge-based work, due to the increase in globalisation, competition, and technological nurture (Borland, Hirschberg & Lye, 2004). Technology is used as a tool that can eliminates physical borders which then speed the pace of globalisation (Mendenhell et al. , 2003). * The second factor that has accelerated changes in business environment is Globalisation. It can be seen from a number of organisations that make do in the global market, that have increase substantially due to the increased development in technology (Mendenhell et al. 2003). Taking advantage of the growing worldwide competition is not limited to technology only organisations too have to compete in their totality and human resources globally (Harpaz & Meshoulan, 2010). Globalisation has removed the geographical borders that make cultural and distance barriers obsolete when markets fuse together and has shifted traditional rules, and transforms it to new rules that bring vague, unstable, counterintuitive, and full expectations (Mendenhell et al. , 2003).Thus, understanding cultural, political, legal and economic differences among countries and its communities can be significant challenges (Dessler, 2008). In addition, globalisation creates feelings of insecurity for employees in coitus to the prospects of retentiveness their job, while the intensification of manual, and excessively of intellectual work, constituting a fertile ground for the creation of mental disorders, such as stress and depression, especially at a meter when mental health is extremely important and vital for society and MNEs growth (Antonopoulou & Derivisi, 2009 ).That is why the process of developing and implementing SIHRM strategy and practice in two or more countries is more difficult than developing and implementing SHRM strategy in one bucolic. In the past 3 decades the practice of IHRM in organisations have increase because of a vast growth in the international trade, rapid advances in information technology and communication, distribution, and manufacturing technology (Hutchings & Ratnasari, 2006). transnational human resource management (IHRM) is the study and application of all human esource management activities as they impact the processes of managing human resource enterprises in the global environment (Briscoe, Schuler & Tarique, 2012). The purpose of IHRM is to enable MNE to be competitive throughout the world efficient locally responsive flexible and adaptable within the shortest time periods and capable of transferring knowledge and noticeing crossways their globally dispersed units (Schuler, Budhawar, & Florkow ski, 2002).The practice of international human resource management in an organisation includes staffing and expatriates procurement, compensation, training and development, international labour relations, as considerably as performance evaluations and contribution (Wong, 2000). However, the best way in performing all the activities in an integrative manner still remains as a challenging task for HR managers (Schuler, Budhawar, & Florkowski, 2002). To fully understand the importance of integrate culture in MNE, we must understand the excogitation of national culture.An various(prenominal)s set in living are influenced by immediate family, societal and cultural norms, set and beliefs (Hofstede, 2001). Thus, national culture can be outlined as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (Hofstede, 2001). Thus, many cross-cultural management research ? ndings utter that national culture will have a sign i? cant in? uence an individuals intrinsic and extrinsic work values (Gahan & Abeysekera, 2009). Hofstede also divided national culture into four dimensions, which are power distance, collectivist vs. ndividualist, femininity vs. masculinity, and uncertain dodging (Hofstede, 1997). These four dimensions will affect the degree to which the parent company is willing and able to adapt its strategy and practices to suit the conditions in the subsidiary country the degree to which it maybe necessary to adapt parent company strategy and practices to suit the conditions in the subsidiary country and the degree to which the parent company strategy will be effective in subsidiary country (Dessler, 2008). That is why, human resource management researchers suggested that Hofstedes four dimensions in work values need to be re? cted in HRM practice in relation to understand employee goal-setting, designs job enrichment, and the design and use of performance-based pay of the target workforce (Gahan & Abeysekera, 2009). By using the cultural focus approach, MNEs HR managers can have a better understanding of differences in companionable values and customs between its host nation culture and its subsidiaries nation (Lertxundi & Landeta, 2009). Furthermore, a comparison of multiple national cultures will provide greater insight for MNE before the organisation starts its operation in another country (Sims, 2006).It will also increase the awareness on several specific others business culture practice in the manners of etiquette or simple dos or dont (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Therefore it is imperative for Australian MNEs that operates in Indonesia to understand the cultural characteristics of Indonesias society, in order for its operations to succeed. The comparisons between Indonesia and Australia are based on the work values and the innovation of complaisant status and utilises Hofstedes work on national cultures as a theoretical basis for comparing the countries. Indonesias theory of social status is highly patriarchal and hierarchical, with what appears to be great power distances between levels of the social structure. Showing proper respect, in speech and behaviour, is an internal aspect of the culture (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Indonesia society is highly inclusive e preciseone has a place, from the highest to the lowliest and hierarchy ensures that all individuals in society know both their place and their obligations within the social structure (Pruetipibultham, 2012).In addition to hierarchy, gender and age are important determinants of social status such as the younger any(prenominal)body treat the older person with respect, in language and in attitude (Pruetipibultham, 2012). It often happens that when MNE send their young expatriate to work or negotiate in Indonesian company, the Indonesians may in a flash feel a little insulted that somebody without proper authority was sent to deal with them (Pruetipibultham, 2012). The concept of life values has become a primeval in studies of individual level motivations and behaviour, particularly in HRM and organisational behavior (Gahan & Abeysekera, 2009).Among the various types of life values, work values (or goals) are often viewed as a central determinant of a wide range of an individuals work-related attitudes and behaviours (Noesjirwan, 1978). In organisational behaviour and human resource management (HRM) research domains, a number of researchers has suggested that these differences in work values need to be re? ected in HRM practice notably employee goal-setting, job enrichment, the design and use of performance-based pay are dependent on the national culture differences of the target workforce (Gahan amp Abeysekera, 2009).In Indonesia, most of the common perspective on what corporate priorities should be is respect, understanding and trust when dealing in day-to-day business relationships (Pruetipibultham, 2012). However, the interpretations of how to de monstrate understanding, to show respect, and to develop trust where the Indonesian cultural value systems come into play (Pruetipibultham, 2012). To most Indonesian managers understanding means that business exertion should be be combined with the traditions and ingrained attitudes in the Indonesian business culture (Pruetipibultham, 2012).In addition, some studies found that expatriates in Indonesia can gain respect by listening to and valuing the local managers opinions or making an e? ort to explain why they cannot take the managers advice and what can be done di? erently in the future, and giving credit to their Indonesian colleagues with measure of experience and merit (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Even though good relations are accomplished by MNE however, when Indonesian managers encounter di? culties in their projects, it is likely that they will not provide a timely noti? cation and rational explanation of the di? culties.This show that failure to shame is negatively high in f easibility in Indonesia similar to the rest of East Asia (Begley amp Tan, 2001). Whereas, in the past, the self-identity of Australians have been analysed as being a complex mix of equalitarianism and mateship (Ashkanasy, 2007). In addition, egalitarianism concept consists of sameness and equality (Thompson, 1994). This concept related to mateship that was born when the settlers had to live in the outback and dealt with the difficult environment without much of a family life (Feather, 1986). The sameness falls upon the in-group collectivism but only applied to other who is in the same in-group that share similar uniqueness with them (Perkerti amp Sendjaya, 2010). Thus, the concept of sameness can be considered as a based of prejudice and discrimination actions toward Aboriginal tribes (Ashkanasy, 2007). However, the concept that is used by most Australians today is the concept of equalitarianism (Perkerti amp Sendjaya, 2010). Especially, when equal right are protected and enforce b y the Australian legislation and government and if a person fail to offer this means that the person is liable for natural lawsuit (Campton, Nankervis amp Morrisey, 2009).In 2008, more than 200 unions leaders developed a new framework for future campaigns with six disclose priorities a voice for working Australians and their families improving wages and working conditions creating a fairer society growing union membership organizing workplaces, industries and sectors and connecting with communities and regions (Brigden, 2008). Thus, because of multicultural factor in Australia and the law also protect people from discrimination, it concept of social status is not as high compare to Indonesia.Nowadays, most of Australian (especially since generation x), values the concept of work life symmetricalness based on the balance between works and outside work commitment (Allan, 2011). Family is a crucial part of the life part in work-life balance concept for workers (Allan, 2011). Thus mo st Australian companies used the concept of family friendly as an attempted to support work-personal life balance and reduce labour turn over (Burke, Oberklaid amp Burgees, 2003).Especially towards attracting and attaining women in the workforce, thus there is an increasing number of women in the workforce thus moving march on away from the concept of traditional role of women (Burke, Oberklaid amp Burgees, 2003). Thus, by using Hofstedes four dimensions on Indonesia and Australia national cultures, HR researchers found that Indonesians score very high in power distance, very high on collectivism, moderately high in femininity, and moderately high in uncertainty avoidance (Stening amp Ngan, 1997).Whereas, Australian in the Anglo group scored low in power distance, very high in individualism, moderately high in masculinity, moderaly low in uncertainty avoidance, and very low in long term orientation (Ashkanasy, 2007). After understanding the basic concept of subsidiaries nation cult ure, and compare it to host nations culture MNEs need to assess the impacts of work values on behaviours and interactions in the workplace, particularly where these values might diverge among work team members and between superiors and subordinates (Piers, Stanton amp Ostenfeld, 2006).Multinational enterprises (MNEs) recognize that human resources play an important role in developing and sustaining a competitive advantage in todays highly competitive global business environment (Briscoe and Schuler. 2004). Staffing of unconnected subsidiaries continues to an important strategic human resource practice that MNEs use to develop and sustain a competitive advantage in the international marketplace (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006).MNEs can staff their foreign subsidiaries with parent country nationals (PCNs), host country nationals (HCNs) and third country nationals (TCNs) or any combine of the three (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006. ) One of the ways to reduce the labour turn over in international expatriate is by merging organisational cultures and personal beguile in order to build a common value and relationship (Harpaz & Meshoulan, 2010).However, the challenges are the information sharing and integrating business conduct with foreign culture (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006). The reliable information will become harde to interpret when cultural and physical distance increase, information asymmetry becomes more serious, complete and spotless information about subsidiary employee actions and performance becomes more difficult and expensive to obtain, and subsidiary actions become harder to interpret (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006).These complicate both behavioural and end point controls (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006). Moreover, information sharing will not be efficient when expatriate is experiencing culture shock that set in when coping with the new environment on a daily basis becomes necessary (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Thus, ex patriates in culture shock display a variety of obvious symptoms, including excessive bear upon about minor issues, preoccupation with cleanliness of drinking water, food nd surroundings, fear of being cheated, robbed or injured, depression, feelings of helplessness, anger over delays and other minor frustrations, reluctance to learn the host language, dependence on long- term residents of their own nationality and lack of awareness about behaving dysfunctional (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). While there may be some commonly shared ethical attitudes across nations, even those countries that share similar national cultures may find quite conflicting ethical expectations (Sims, 2006). It is unreasonable to take over that ones own ethical views are always superior (Sims, 2006).Yet, for cross-cultural businesses to be successful, a reasonable knowledge of the ethical attitudes of the residents of those countries in which we conduct business is a necessity (Sims, 2006) Thus, in order to maintain survival or/and competitive advantage, organisations should ? nd ways to assure that employees do not good leave their positions to work for the competition because their skills cannot easily be bought nor imitated (Harpaz & Meshoulan, 2010). This can be achieved with effective training programs before transferring to the subsidiary country and choosing prospective campaigner that is the best fit for the subsidization.As organizations change and adapt to pressures in the external and internal environment, managers and employees are required to learn new competencies and skills by training programs (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Even though training program is costly, but it will most likely to benefit the company in the long run (Murray, 2011). Technical training and current cross-cultural training programs, together with facilitation of expatriate networks, do not appear to adequately address expatriate failure (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006).When the destina tion of the expatriate is a culturally diverse country, training that addresses the ethnic networks and other socializing resources within the host country by retaining links with the home country this should facilitate expatriate and family margin, lead story to lower costs from a lower incidence of cultural shock and thus more effective assignments (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Organizations wishing to use expatriates in their inter national ventures might, during the planning stage for overseas start-ups, seek advice from Government and other bodies, uch as industry groups, on the presence, characteristics, and contacts of ethnic population groups in overseas locations (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Such information needs to be integrated into the expatriate training process (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Ethnic group lifestyle is also likely to study changes in the home country that have been imported with each new arrival (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfe ld, 2006). This means that expatriate arrivals may help reduce the cultural distance of the ethnic minority group to their home country (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006).Hence, reverse cultural shock, associated with the expatriates retur n home on assignment completion, may also be improved upon (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Ethical conflicts that may emerge due to basic differences in the ethical attitudes of people who were raised in cultures quite different from our own (Sims, 2006). However, flexibility in adapting to changes can be achieved by merging organisational cultures and personal interest by building share values and gaining trust and when workers in the organisation have the same share values they will more likely to have stronger commitment with each other (Barbash, J. amp Barbash, K. , 1989). The transcultural value is de? ned as those values that have been shared among a variety of cultures throughout history or are crucial for daily operation (Wielan d, 2009). The transcultural value system is meant to guide corporations toward a somewhat uniform and universally accepted standard of ethical behavior (Hemphill & Lillevik, 2011). The commitment of individuals on how they behave and team spirit are a key factor to quality work rather than on their acquired technical skills and passive execution of orders puzzle (Barbash, J. amp Barbash, K. , 1989). Thus, an improved understanding of corporate culture can be seen as a one step towards more successful negotiation strategies and the development of desirable outcomes (Moore, 1997). In conclusion, there are several difficult challenges to the practice of international human resource management (IHRM) arises from the different encounters in various countries and multinational enterprise (MNE) cultures (Briscoe, Schuler & Tarique, 2012). The adaptation erspective discussed in this article recognises that cultural distances exist and proposes country-specific cultural training incor porating technical competencies, expatriate networks, ethnic group social networks and resources, and ICT to couple such distances (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Thus, the success of integrating cultural aspects in IHRM practice can have significant effects on the overall MNEs overseas operation that will define the future performance of the organisation and the employees quality of life (Darling & Heller, 2009). Reference Ashkanasy, N. M. 2007). The Australian Enigma, in culture and leadership across the world A GLOBE report of in-depth studies of the cultures of 25 countries. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Allan, J. (2011). Minings relocation culture The experiences of family members in the context of frequent relocation. world(prenominal) Journal of Sociology and genial Policy, 31 (5/6), 272-286. Barbash, J. & Barbash, K. (1989). Theories and Concepts in Industrial Relations. SC University of South Carolina Press, 114-116. Bennington, L. & Habir, A. D. (2003). Human resource management in Indonesia.Human Resource Management Review, 13(3), 373. Brigden, C. (2009). Unions and collective dicker in 2008. Journal of Industrial Relations. Retrieved from http//jir. sagepub. com/content/51/3/365 Briscoe, D. , Schuler, R. , Tarique, I. (2012). global human resource management policies and practices for multinational enterprises (4th ed. ). New York Routledge. Brewster, C. & Bennett, C. V. (November, 2010). Perceptions of business cultures in eastern Europe and their implications for international HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(14), 2568-2588.Burke, R. J, Oberklaid, F. , Burgees, Z. (2003). Organisational values, work experiences, and satisfactions among Australian psychologist. International Journal of Organisational Analysis, 11(2), 123-135. Darling, J. R. & Heller, V. (2009). Organization Development in an Era of Socioeconomic Change A Focus on The Key to Successful Management Leadership. Organiza tion Development Journal, 27 (2), 9-26. De Cieri, H. , Fenwick, M. & Hutchings, K. (April, 2005). The challenge of international human resource management balancing the duality of strategy and practice.International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(4), 584-598. Dessler, G. (2008). Human resource management (11th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall. Dowling, P. J. & Welch, D. E. (1988). International human resource management an Australian perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 6(1), 39-65. Gahan, P. & Abeysekera, L. (January, 2009). What shapes an individuals work values? An integrated model of the relationship between work values, national culture and self construal. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(1), 126-147.Harpaz, I. & Meshoulam, I. (2010). The meaning of work, employment relations, and strategic human resources management in Israeli. Human Resource Management Reviews, 20, 212-223. Hemphill, T. & Lillevik, W. (2011). The global economic ethic manifesto implementing moral values foundation in the multinational enterprise. Journal of Business Ethics, one hundred one(2), 213-230. Hofstede, G. (1997). Culture and organizations software of the mind. New York McGraw-Hill. Hutchings, K. & Ratnasari, S. W. (2006). Cross cultural non-work transition stresses domestic transferees in Indonesia.Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, 13(2), 114-131. Lertxundi, A. & Landeta, J. (November, 2011). The moderating effect of cultural context in the relation between HPWS and performance an exploratory study in Spanish multinational companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(18), 3949-3967. Nankervis, A. , Campton, R. & Morrisey, B. (2009). Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices (5th ed. ). NSW CCH Australian Limited. Noesjirwan, J. (1978). A rule based analysis of cultural differences in social behavior Indonesia and Australia.International Journal o f Psychology, 13(4), 305-316. Mendenhall, M. E. , Jensen, R. J. , Black, J. S. & Gregersen, H. B. (2003). Seeing the elephant human resource management challenges in the age of globalisation. Organizational Dynamics, 32(3), 261-274 Murray, C. (2011, September 12). Quarry Australia has no people. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from http//www. smh. com. au/business/quarry-australia-has-no-people-20110912-1k5c2. html Pekerti, A. A. & Sendjaya, S. (2010). Exploring servant leadership across cultures comparative study in Australia and Indonesia.International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(5), 754-780. Pires, G. , Stanton, J. , Ostenfeld, S. (2006). Improving expatriate adjustment and effectiveness in ethnically diverse countries marketing insights. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, Vol. 13 Iss 2 pp. 156 170. Pruetipibultham, O. J. (2012, March 21). Developing human resource development interventions to aid expatriates cultural adaptation insight o f Javanese culture. Human Resource Development International, 15(1), 109-117. Reeves, M. amp Deimler, M. (2011). Adaptability The New Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business Review,. 89(7/8), 134-141. Schuler, R. S. , Budhwar, P. S. & Florkowski, P. W. (March, 2002). International human resource management review and critique. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(1), 41-70. Sims, R. L. (2006). Comparing ethical attitudes across cultures. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, 13(2), 101 113. Schuler, R. S. , Tarique, I. (2007). International human resource management a North American perspective.International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(5), 717-744. Stewart, T. A. (1993). Welcome to the revolution. Fortune, 128(15), 66-80. Thompson, E. (1994). Fair enough Egalitarianism in Australia. Sydney University of New South Wales Press. Weir, D. T. H. , Mangaliso, P. M. & Mangaliso, N. A. (2010). Some implications of the inter-cultural approach to i nternational human resource management Ubuntu and Ummah. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1-6. Wong, N. (2000). Mark your press Important tasks for international HR workforce. Costa Mesa, 79(4), 72-74