The Possibility of Proving the Existence of God Using...

The Possibility of Proving the Existence of God Using Inductive and Deductive Arguments Many philosophers have attempted to prove the existence of God, although there is no argument as yet which proves without any doubt that God exists. A proof is the demonstration that something is true or, in this case, that God exists. There are 3 types of proof; direct, deductive, and inductive. A direct proof is when something is immediately obvious, so therefore, it cannot be used to prove Gods existence. However, Inductive and Deductive Arguments could be used to prove the existence of God. An Inductive argument is a posteriori (based on experience) which is logic involving reasoning from effect to cause.†¦show more content†¦(2) The universe exists. Therefore: (3) The universe has a cause of its existence. (4) If the universe has a cause of its existence, then that cause is God. Therefore: (5) God exists. It has been argued that this argument does not lead to the idea of God, but that it suggests that motion requires an explanation, E.g. Big Bang Theory. The Teleological Argument, or Design Argument attempts to prove the existence of God by way of the nature, beauty and order of the world. To say the world is ordered is to mean that it is ordered towards some end or purpose. The suggestion is that it is more plausible to suppose that the universe is so because it was created by an intelligent being in order to accomplish that purpose than it is to suppose that it is this way by chance. These arguments were notably criticised by David Hume, who said that using an analogy can anthropomorphosise God - make him similar to humans, and also questioned why a benevolent creator who designed the world would create evil too? The aim of these arguments is to show that Gods existence is a reasonable conclusion, and is probable rather than necessary. E.g. God is seen as a desirable explanation for motion and cause. Individually, these arguments have been criticised, but F.R Tennant has argued that the arguments have a cumulative effect - together they form aShow MoreRelatedThe Contributions Of Descartes And Hume3394 Words   |  14 Pagesestablishing: the existence of God Introduction: Arguments for and against the existence of god have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists and others for thousands of years. In Philosophy, these arguments involve primarily the disciplines of Epistemology and Ontology and can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective. The epistemic arguments place different restrictions on our ability have knowledge, some arguing for conditions that allow the possibility for one toRead MoreChapter 1 THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF REASONING 25116 Words   |  21 PagesChapter 1 THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF REASONING ARGUMENTS Reasoning is the activity of making inferences. This is when you attempt to justify or prove one statement by appealing to another statement/s. To prove or justify a statement means to give a good reason for believing it.1 The statement that you are trying to justify is called the conclusion whereas the justifying statements are called premises. All reasoning has a conclusion (implied or explicit) and at least one (and typically more than one)Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesstructure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued Read MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesit in an economical and uniform way; the epistemological problem of reconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it; questions about things which cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements, universals, and gods; the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument; the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justiceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCan Jobs Be Redesigned? 242 †¢ Alternative Work Arrangements 245 †¢ The Social and Physical Context of Work 249 Employee Involvement 250 Examples of Employee Involvement Programs 251 †¢ Linkin g Employee Involvement Programs and Motivation Theories 252 Using Rewards to Motivate Employees 252 What to Pay: Establishing a Pay Structure 252 †¢ How to Pay: Rewarding Individual Employees Through Variable-Pay Programs 253 †¢ Flexible xii CONTENTS Benefits: Developing a Benefits Package 257 †¢ IntrinsicRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pageshowever look further: why do we create a rocket? Because we want to go to the moon. If NASA would have only focussed on delivering rockets, they would never have reached the moon and probably had produced a great number of disasters while delivering or using those rockets. A Business Case focus, rather than only a delivery focus! (By the way off topic: this delivery approach for me also caused the current financial crisis. Only focussing on the deal, not on the long term effects.)

Incarceration Of The Early European Prisons - 706 Words

The early European prisons were known as workhouses or houses of corrections. Offenders were sent to workhouses to learn discipline and regular work habits. Inmate labor was expected to pay for the facility upkeep and yield a profit. In the 1700’s and 1800’s the workhouses were described as disorderly, inefficient, capricious, and discriminatory. This prison situation led to several reform initiatives (Bohm Haley, 2012). Beginning in the 1700’s prison reformist declared that punishment should fit the crime in two senses. The first was that the severity of the punishment should parallel the severity of harm resulting from the crime. Second, the punishment should be severe enough to outweigh the pleasure obtained from the crime.†¦show more content†¦This model was based on a military model of regimentation, academics, and vocational training. Institutions for women were established during this time period as well (Bohm Haley, 2012). Twentieth Century pri sons have been dominated by three types. The first type is the so called â€Å"big house.† Big houses were six teared cells that house 2500 men. The second type is known as the medical model. Under the medical model inmates were subject to psychological assessments and diagnosis. The main treatments were academic and vocational training, along with therapeutic counseling. The third type was a power vacuum that was filled with inmate gang violence and interracial hatred (Bohm Haley, 2012). Privatization was established in the 1980’s. Privatization is characterized as the involvement of the private sector to construct and operate confinement facilities (Bohm Haley, 2012). A 2010 study revealed that 31 state and federal prison systems housed 129,366 inmates in privately operated facilities (Bohm Haley, 2012). Before confinement, punishments were handled with fines, confiscation of property, corporal punishment, and capital punishment. Punishments were commonly carried out in public to humiliate the offender and deter the public. Banishment and transportation were also used as punishment. Banishment refers to making the offender leave the community and live elsewhere. Many times offenders were sent to live in theShow MoreRelatedThe Population Of Denmark And The Uk1535 Words   |  7 Pageschild is under 3-years-old) move in to the prison with them. (Foote, 2013) The prisons themselves are also more ‘open prisons’, where security is minimal and the amount of effort made to resemble the outside world is beyond belief. On the face of it, the only noticeable difference between these open prisons and normal civilian life is that inmates obviously are not allowed to leave. (Foote, 2013,Tull, 2013) In fact, not only are the conditions in these prisons better than almost all other penal systemsRead MoreWhat Is The Difference Between The Same States And The United States1042 Words   |  5 Pagesdivided among the three branches seen in the United States. Coalition governments are standard, as each sees multiparty political systems. Nationally organized institutions govern the justice system in the Unites States and in the Nordic countries. Prison authorities, prosecutorial services, and police in the Nordic states fall under the Ministry of Justice or the Ministry of Interior (Lappi-Seppà ¤là ¤ and Tonry 2011). In the United States, these institutions fall under several federal departments, suchRead MoreSociologists Are Angry And You Should Be Too : Reflection On Readings Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pageseveryone that is not a wealthy, cisgender, heterosexual, white male. This paper will be covering themes discussed in Max Weber’s â€Å"Class, Status, Party†, C. W right Mills’ â€Å"The Power Elite†, G. William Domhoff’s â€Å"Who Rules America† and Bruce Western’s â€Å"Incarceration, Unemployment and Inequality† to express how the established system of the United States of America is stacked against women, people of color, and the poor. In order to understand the most basic of sociological inequality, one must understandRead MorePerspective And Critique Traditional Practices Of Prison Structures Of The Old, Bygone Regime2088 Words   |  9 Pageskaleidoscope of perceptions and perspectives on crime, punishment, and incarceration in the context of Europe Prisons during this critical, albeit underrated period of European society. Aims and objectives of this paper This research paper seeks to put into perspective and critique traditional practices of prison structures of the old, bygone regime, the theories surrounding prisons and their influence outside them. Specifically, the European probation and reform service systems. A look at recidivism, post-releaseRead MoreU.s. Drug Policy Critique Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause of the drug offenses. The War on Drugs, as mentioned above, has driven mass incarcerations in the U.S. Judicial Systems. In 2014 there were 1.5 million drug arrests in the United States (Rothwell). Statistically speaking eight in ten of these were for possession only. Today more than 50 percent of people in federal prisons are incarcerated for drug violations (Rothwell). The main catalyst in new prison admissions has been drug law violations. A study released by the Brookings InstitutionRead MoreShould Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution Essay3510 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Should Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution Should Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution 1 Introduction Incarceration refers to the state of being confined in a prison. It may also mean detention, custody or captivity. This is usually as a result of a crime committed, and serves the offender as a form of punishment. It is meant to deter others from committing crimes, andRead MoreHistory of Punishment2331 Words   |  10 PagesClass Notes for CJ 352_Spring 2011 History Instructor: Marcos L. Misis (ABD) . 1 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA Early History of Corrections †¢ Codified punishment for offenders was developed in the early ages of human history. †¢ One of the earliest known written codes that specified different types of offenses and punishments was the Code of Hammurabi in 1750 B.C. The Code of Hammurabi was divided into sections to cover different types of offenses and contained descriptionsRead MoreCyclical Oppression Of New Zealand : How One Of The Fairest?1699 Words   |  7 Pagesmakes up 15% of the total New Zealand population, is the second largest ethnic group within the country, falling behind Europeans who make up 74% of the total population. While the Maori are considered to be a critical and equal part of the New Zealand economy and culture, their actual inequality is obvious and staggering. If a child is born into a Maori family instead of a European family, they can expect to live seven years less, they are two and half times more likely to smoke tobacco, they are twoRead MoreCja 234 Jail and Prison1184 Words   |  5 PagesJail and Prison CJA 234 Jails and prisons from the outside perspective seem to have the same meaning. Although jails and prisons are a part of the criminal justice system correctional system, the fact is jails and prisons are different. The jail system is a short-term facility where inmates are confined until their trial date. State and Federal prisons are long-term facilities where inmates are confined after being convicted.Read MoreThe Incarceration Of Aging And Elderly1474 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last thirty years the number individuals held in the United States Prison system has been growing rapidly. Numerous studies have found that the prison population that is growing most rapidly is the elderly population. For the purposes of this paper, the term aging and elderly population will refer to those who are incarcerated and are over the age of 61. As the number of elderly inmates continues to increase the number of stressors put on both the correctional system and the individual.

Kent Chemical Organising for International Growth

Question: Write about theKent Chemicalfor Organising for International Growth. Answer: Introduction Every business organisation faces the issue of management. This problem of organised and effective management is observed especially in a large organisation where the system of operations and functions is more diverse and varied, becoming complex in the process. As a result, the expansion process of the organisation becomes difficult to control. The case of Kent Chemical: Organising for International Growth is relevant of such instance. The essay strives to explain and investigate the case. An attempt is made to understand the problem of the organisation concerning the implementation of the strategy related to international expansion. Evaluation is observed regarding the organisational changes enforced to resist the problems, along with the reasons of unsuccessful of the changes. Analysis of the recommendations of Sterling Partner is provided. A suggestion is made concerning the possible recommendation of Morales and the decision of Fisher. Body Kent started its consumer products section in 1966 when it first produced Grease-Be-Gone. Targeting the automobile industry, the company gradually started concentrated on the commercial consumer market, producing high-quality household products, such as barbeque, oven and stainless steel cleaners. It is noteworthy to mention that the company apart from marketing its products in the US has spread to other countries as well, such as Korea, Germany, Brazil and much more (Becker and El-Said, 2013, p.71). However, with the expansion strategy, problems and issues concerning management started to emerge. Due to the expansion of the company, the number of people and other partner companies gradually increased in number, leading to the rise of a different management issue. Morales understood this problem when he tried to combine the organisational charts, the chart of domestic business and that of the world operations. In a word, it can be said that coordination became the main problem. When Fisher stated that he wanted to change and modify the strategic approaches of the organisation concerning expansion, Morales was invited for the revitalization process of the international division. Morales found several issues which restricted proper coordination and management of the entire organisational process and operations. Integration problem surfaced. Strategic issues emerged (Becker, 2017, p.6). This refers to the tendency of overseas subsidiaries competing with each other. Corporate targets became haphazard. The subsidiaries thought that the financial targets which were given to then did not have any link with the actual picture of the economic condition of the subsidiaries companies. Several structural issues also came into existence such as the pressurising reporting system, capital allocation, issues concerning the product, along with geographical issues. Controlling the subsidiaries was indeed proving to be difficult as each subsidiary had different problems and demands. The organisation needed to stop duplicative operations and rationalise the overlapping activities. One of the major issues was a lack of appropriate technical and market knowledge of the local or regional staffs for countering the subsidiaries (Betta et al. 2014, p.7). In order to make the strategic management more effective and to bring stability, Morales tried to bring some organisation changes. However, the changes could not achieve much success. In the reorganisation process of 2006, Morales tried to bridge the gap of international relations by appointing three experienced GBDs (global business directors). These directors were responsible for managing three sections of business, under KCI. It was announced that each of the directors would be given the position of VP who would bring a direct report of the functions and operations to Morales. The GBD would possess around 6 project/product managers to whom the former would assign required responsibilities (Botha et al. 2014, p.64). However, problems started soon enough. Each of these directors held different opinions regarding what methods can be appropriate to manage the respective businesses in an effective manner. One suggested that customer-oriented mentality should be injected into the overseas subsidiaries, stating the chief objective should be to fulfil the actual objective of the business. Another suggested that the responsibility of production and maintaining government relations must be given to the regional managers. The third director stated that it was regional managers needed to have their respective operational authority (Burdon et al. 2015, p.23). Hence, after sometimes, it was observed that the system of GBD created further disturbances. Subsidiaries were acting as interlopers while some more than that. Differences created needed to be solved, giving rise to the necessity of meetings, neglecting the daily issues in the process. On the other hand, the subsidiaries felt the GBD were incompetent. The GBDs lacked the cooperation and understanding among themselves. On top of that, the role and responsibility of GBDs were vague and unclear. They did not have the enthusiasm necessary for reorganisation process. It could be said that they lacked the power and credibility necessary to make things happen (Fernie and Sparks, 2014, p.12). After realising the fact that the system of GBD was ineffective, an effort was made to form and introduce World Boards which would assist the GBDs in developing strategies concerning global business. These boards comprised of managers of international and domestic organisations. Functional, geographic and product expertise represented the boards. The idea was indeed novel; however, this attempt of reorganizational changed also experienced failure. Managers who were involved in the boards did not have the sufficient courage and confidence to execute the assigned responsibilities (Jones and Marcoux, 2015, p.13). The chief reason for hesitation, all of them felt that the responsibility was too big to handle, assessing the complexity of the organisation. The reorganizational processes failed due to several reasons. In spite of the attempt to bring improvement and development, application of a proper, clear strategy was absent. An organisation works effectively only when it has the power of unity. However, Kent lacked this factor accelerating the failure of the attempts of Morales. Consolidation existed but only in terms of financial aspect which was not enough to operate the organisation. Inequality among the organisations, between the subsidiaries, the domestic and the global branches was present (Jones and Marcoux, 2015, p.31). The head office of Kent wanted to control and manage the subsidiaries which operated throughout the other countries. It needs to be recorded that the organisation was not happy with the limited amount of power it possessed over the subsidiaries and tried to make strategic movements which would enable the head office to increase its authoritative power over the subsidiaries. Another reason of failure was rest , the problem in sharing. The company wanted to share the information with the other businesses but avoided sharing necessary knowledge related information, for example, how to conduct business in an effective manner, how to coexist and work with a cooperative attitude and so on (Peri? et al. 2016, p.10). Another important factor which needed to be observed, similar identification of the different business of the organisations was not observed. In spite of the different range of business, the organisation needed to maintain a similar ground to execute the functional and operational tasks of the organisation. Considering the problems which surfaced, Sterling Partners recommended certain strategies to improve the management efficiency of the company. The first and the foremost thing which Sterling suggested was the need of conducting an analysis and this needed to be done by a third party. This would help to conduct a neutral analysis. It was recommended that the strategies needed to be made after knowing the market needs (Wang et al. 2015, p.78). Sterling also recommended that without proper clarification of the tasks and responsibilities, the organisational operations cannot be executed and this can be done by using the tool of the decision matrix. The recommendations provided by Sterling had its valid points. Before deciding to implement any organisational change, it was really important to conduct a proper in-depth analysis of the organisational functions and operations. This would be helpful to know the actual source of the emerging problems and issues which the organisation was facing. Apart from this, the analysis would also help to have a better comprehension about the different departments, businesses of the organisation, helpful to prevent confusion, usual in a large organisation (Wong et al. 2014, p.602). Based on the evaluation report, necessary strategies should be made which could enable the organisation to adapt itself as per the changes observed in the internal and external environment of Kent, the market needs and demand along with the needs of the subsidiary businesses. The recommendation or the steps taken by Morales failed chiefly due to the lack of clarified definition of the given roles. Hence, it needs to b e mentioned that the organisation should clarify the roles and responsibilities of each of the respective position holders using the tool of decision matrix (Stark, 2015, p.29). The plus point of the tool, it would be helpful to break down the contributions and responsibility of each party. The shortcoming of the tool was, irrespective of the usefulness, its ineffective regarding the basic issues persisted, and meaning complexity could not be eradicated fully. It should be mentioned that the $1.8 million fee was used to appoint a group of consultants who were given the responsibility of conducting an intense market research. Four consultants and four managers formed a team to conduct the project of research (Stark, 2015, p.28). The team needed to investigate the market condition of Kent, competitive position. An attempt was made to understand the objective of the businesses which worked under the founding organisation. The consultant reached to the conclusion that the organisations tendency to impose uniform solutions in spite of possessing diversified business subsidiaries is creating hindrances for effective growth and development of the company Kent would have to understand the different needs and problems of its subsidiaries and also of the managers and representatives who were assigned to work in different country regions (Saunders and Lewis, 2014, p.71). Global control was necessary. Transnational management could be much helpful for this company. Fisher must encourage transnational management if he wants to make the process of organisation expansion effective. Morales should use this kind of management approach to conducting reorganizational process. National cooperation cross-border integration should be used. National differences should be considered, instead of applying or rather imposing the uniform decision, a decision-making process should be made to interact with the regional and local managers of the businesses existing in different regions in different countries. One of the major positive points of transnational management, it allowed the organisation to bring the forces of international learning and innovation (Pistocchi et al. 2014, p.738). It would encourage forces of international coordination and integration. As a result, it influences the scale of economy and scope in a positive way. It would help to reduce the costs required to maintain the different products. This management would pave the organisation to open new doors of possibilities and opportunities as it would help to liberalise the environment of trading. It could be easily understood that applying transnational management would mean encouraging globalisation. Cultural differences should be considered, national infrastructure (such as distribution channels and technical standards), government demands should be given importance while trying to implement certain changes. Following the report it can be said that the recommendations made by Morales would be in the best interest of the organisation. It has been argued that the organisation could move back to its geographic mode of operations but however with Internationalisation of businesses some form of standardisation is required and therefore the integrated approach needs to be followed. The organisation needs to focus on the integrated approach and needs to simplify the structure of the organisation which will ensure that the communication is more effective and decision making is collaborative. Further, the decision matrix as suggested by the consultants needs to be implemented and to implement this, the organisation needs to train the managers to be able to use this most effectively. It can be stated that there would be irregularities and conflicts, however these conflicts are to be negotiated and agreements are to be arrived upon. Finally, the organisation needs to focus more on the research and development and being a science based organisation innovation in product design should be according to the market needs and therefore the marketing team needs to work in close collaboration with the research and development team Conclusion In conclusion, it could be said that before trying to implement and bring changes concerning the organisational processes and systems, trying to identify and assess the gravity of the problem should be conducted. Apart from addressing the problem, the root cause should be addressed and adequate problems should be made to resolve the core of the issues. It should be acknowledged that rising complexity can make difficult to process the operations of an international company which should not be encouraged. Organisational friction tends to hamper the growth of the company, affecting the productivity in the process. it can weaken the effectivity of strategic decisions. As a consequence, it would lead to the risk of difficulty in the decision-making process concerning people and cost management. Therefore, to bring any reorganisation measures, cooperation and coordination along with understanding should be maintained among all the stakeholders of the company. Reference List Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S., (2014).Transnational management. McGraw-Hill Education. Becker, K. and El-Said, H., (2013).Management and international business issues in Jordan. Routledge. Becker, K., (2017). Editorial.Journal of Transnational Management,22(1), pp.1-3. Betta, M., Jones, R. and Latham, J., (2014). Being and Care in Organisation and ManagementA Heideggerian Interpretation of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008.Philosophy of Management,13(1), pp.5-20. Botha, A., Kourie, D. and Snyman, R., (2014).Coping with continuous change in the business environment: Knowledge management and knowledge management technology. Elsevier. Burdon, D., Boyes, S.J., Elliott, M., Smyth, K., Atkins, J.P., Barnes, R.A. and Wurzel, R.K., (2015). Integrating natural and social sciences to manage sustainably vectors of change in the marine environment: Dogger Bank transnational case study.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Jones, B.R. and Marcoux, J.M., (2015). Comments on the Reasons for Judgment of the Federal Court of Appeal in Hupacasath First Nation v The Minister of Foreign Affairs Canada and the Attorney General of Canada.Transnational Dispute Management (TDM),12(6). Jones, B.R. and Marcoux, J.M., (2015). Comments on the Reasons for Judgment of the Federal Court of Appeal in Hupacasath First Nation v The Minister of Foreign Affairs Canada and the Attorney General of Canada.Transnational Dispute Management (TDM),12(6). Peri?, A., Marki?, M. and Peri?, M., (2016). The impact of socially responsible management standards on the business success of an organisation.Total Quality Management Business Excellence, pp.1-13. Pistocchi, A., Aloe, A., Bizzi, S., Buoraoui, F., Burek, P., de Roo, A., Grizzetti, B., Liquete, C., Pastori, M., Salas, F. and Stips, A.K., (2014), December. Evaluation of pressures in European river basins reported under the Water Framework Directive: potentials for collaborative improvement of assessments in transnational water management. InAGU Fall Meeting Abstracts(Vol. 1, p. 0738). Saunders, M.N. and Lewis, P., (2014).Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Pearson Higher Ed. Stark, J., (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Stark, J., 2015. Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Wang, D., Rangan, S., Cretoiu, S. and Drummond, A., (2015). The role of the State in Transnational Exchange: an inter-group contracting. Perspective on Brazilian MNEs' expansion into Mozambique. InSpecial Conference of the Strategic Management Society (SMS). Wong, W.P., Tseng, M.L. and Tan, K.H., (2014). A business process management capabilities perspective on organisation performance.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(5-6), pp.602-617.

Robert Frost and the Depression Essay Example For Students

Robert Frost and the Depression Essay Robert Frosts poetic images and topics changed as a result of the depression. Reflected in Robert Frosts poetry lie the feelings and concerns of Americans, expressed through different poetic images and topics. As compared to Robert Frosts earlier work, which focused on man and nature, Frosts poems during the Great Depression, shift poetic images and topics to the relationship between man and man. Later in Frosts life, after the depression, Robert Frosts themes changed another time to man and God. Robert Lee Frost was born on March 26, 1874 to Isabelle and William Prescott Frost. In 1885, at age 11, Frosts father died. As a result Robert moved with his mother and sister Jeanie to Lawrence, Massachusetts. In 1895 Robert married Elanor White, his high school sweetheart, and began a teaching job at a local school. His first son Elliot was born on September 25, 1896 followed by his daughter Leslie on April 28, 1899. In 1899 Frosts mother Isabelle, his first son Elliot, passed away. In 190 2, Elanor gave birth to Frosts second son, Carol. Frost then decided to move with his wife and daughter to a small farm outside Derry, New Hampshire. In 1905, Elanor had another daughter, Majorie. Following Majories birth in 1907, Elinor Betina was born, but quickly passed away. The death of Frosts children hit him hard; he tried to be the best father he knew how, spending every moment with his children. As said by Alan Shucard, He remained bound up in their lives and deaths. Trying to get away from his life in America, Frost traveled to England in 1912, where he settled on a small farm in Buckinghamshire. After the outbreak of WWI in 1914, Robert and his family moved to Gloucestershire. A year later Robert moved again, and returned to Franconia, New Hampshire. After his move, Henry Holt and Company published A Boys Will and North of Boston. However, in 1938, tragedy overshadowed the news of his publication when after an operation to remove cancer, Elanor, passed away. From that poi nt on, Robert Frost never stopped blaming himself for Elanors death. He thought that God was punishing him; and putting him on trial like Jobe, to show the devil that through all of this treatment, humans could still be thankful. This view was reflected in his poem Forgive, O Lord Forgive, O Lord, my little jokes on thee / and Ill forgive thy great big one on me. The great big one (joke) on me is a illusion to the treatment that Robert Frost believes he is receiving from God. 1940, just two years after his wifes death, Roberts son, Carol, committed suicide. After the death of Carol, Robert moved to his final home in Cambridge, MA. January 29, 1963 Robert Frost died at the venerable age of 88. He saw all of his children either die or suffer from mental instability. Robert Pack, a University of Massachusetts professor, compares Robert Frosts work to life, simple immediate surface, but when you look deeper the poem reveals itself to you. Pack continues to elaborate on Frosts poetic mysteries; he speaks of humor and trickery that Robert Frost includes in his poems that only a seasoned reader can pick up on. It is these dark sayings and mysteries that maintain Frosts distinctive enigmatical reserve. Robert Frost is considered by Pack as one of the greatest American poets to ever live. Compared to the revered Walt Whitman, or Longfellow. Frost wanted to be considered a poet-teacher, to make nature speak with a human voice to readers, and a poet-preacher to dramatize for the reader the divinity in the face of which belief must be given shape. Frost said that his main objective in poetry was to say one thing and to mean another, the definition of a metaphor. Robert Frosts poems are predominantly written in blank verse, poems without a rhyme scheme typically written in iambic pentameter. Literary Critic Amy Lowell compares Robert Frosts work to that of a rock, (his work) suggests the hardness and roughness of New England granite. unyielding in substance and broken in effect. Wild Grapes illustrates Robert Frosts child hood memories in grape orchards, his use of blank verse is definitely evident as no rhyme scheme is used, the poem is written in iambic pentameter, and with a definite flow:What tree may not the fig be gathered from?The grape may not be gathered from the Birch?Its all you know the grape, or know the birch. Should The Us Have Dropped The Atomic Bomb On Japan EssayI saw so much before I slept there once:I noticed that I missed the stars in the west,Where its black body cut into the sky. Frost puts emphasis in this poem on the size of the mountain and how it blocks his sight of the western stars in the night sky. From Frosts subject of the mountain, and his use of stars and sky, natural references again are predominant in the poem. Just the titles of the poems in New Hampshire, published in 1923, reveal the allusions to nature: A Star in a Stoneboat, Dust of Snow, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Robert Frosts poem Spring Pools in West Running Brook is one of the best examples of the use of natural references:These pools that, though in forests, still reflectThe total sky almost without defect, And like the flowers beside them, chill and shiver,Will like the flowers beside them soon be gone,And yet not out by any brook or river,But up by roots to bring dark foliage on. By all these references to nature one can see that without a doubt nature was a main theme used in the poetry written by Robert Frost before the year 1929. After the onset of the depression Robert Frost enters another phase of his poetry, in which he shifts his topics from man and nature, to man and man. Dr. James L. Potter, professor of literature and criticism ant Trinity College, has a coinciding view on the themes of Robert Frosts poetry , There are also many poems reflecting an interest in humanity independent of nature. Two Tramps in Mud Time is an example of this man and man relationship, in which the subjects confront each other:And caught me splitting wood in the yard. By hailing cheerily Hit them Hard!I knew pretty well why he dropped behindI knew pretty well what he had in mind:The use of imagery from a confrontation is unavoidable, but in no place in this excerpt is a natural reference made. This poem was published in 1936, a mid-point of The Great Depression which America had been in for more than 6 years. It is quiet obvious that the Depression was a time of great change for him mentally as shown in his writing. The switch of his general images and main topics witch is unarguably due to the depression. Bibliography:Works CitedFrost, Robert. A boys will. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1915. Collins, Mike. Robert Frost. Chicago: Hartsfield, 1979. Frost, Robert. North of Boston. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1915. Frost, Robert. Mountain Interval. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1920. Atlantic Unbound. 5 Sep. 2000. Poetry Pages. 15 Nov 2000. Ketzle, Jeff. 8 Aug 2000. Home Page. 15 Nov 2000 http://www.ketzle.com

The Chinese Economy and the MNCs

It is factual that China is one of the world’s emerging economies. It is categorized as one of the Asian tigers. This implies that its influence in the international system is felt even by developed states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Chinese Economy and the MNCs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chinese economy is growing at a fastest rate, which has made other players in the international financial system to review their economic policies. This paper analyzes the causes and effects of this new trend. Financial Times Report It is evident that Chinese economic and political policies are rapidly shaping the current world financial market. The recent significant step made by Chinese financial system is posing a threat to the World Bank and other global financial systems. According to the Financial Times, the Chinese Development Bank single handedly gave out $65 billion to governments and companies of the developing countries in the year 2009 and 2010. In the same period, the Chinese Export-Import Bank managed to lend out similar amount to African states and other developing countries in the Caribbean. Between mid 2008 and 2010, World Bank was able to assign a loan of $ 100.3 billion to borrowers from developing countries. This was aimed at responding to the financial crisis that occurred between mid 2008 and 2010. However, in the same period China managed to offer loans to Chinese and overseas energy producing companies at affordable interest rates, which ensured consistent production of energy even at times of financial hardships. For instance, it is notable that China issued huge loans to oil producing countries such as Russia, Brazil and Venezuela. It furthermore lent out considerable amount to the Indian company for the purchase of power equipments. Countries approached Chinese government and companies for loans to finance important projects such as railway construction in A rgentina.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This move threatened the position of developed states in the international system, which forced the world financial regimes to engage China in discussions. China was further requested to take an action in order to end the financial crisis witnessed in the years. This proves that China is a force to reckon with in the international financial market (Cheng Zhou 2007, p. 21). The issue of financing oil-producing companies in particular threatened the U.S. economy. The US government on the other hand interpreted China’s move to finance oil-processing countries as an attempt to cut it from the world oil market. Although, in the real sense states and individuals from developing countries preferred Chinese financial assistance because of its terms. The interest charged is affordable to many and some are given preferential treatment. The Chinese lending institutions charge 10% of the total amount borrowed at a period of six months while the IMF demands 20% of the total amount in the same period (Bach, Newman Weber 2006, p. 501). Most importantly, Chinese assistance is not tied to political and social values such as democracy and transparency. Chinese government engages in trade with any kind of government or leader. Western aid has conditionality that cannot be met by many. For instance, Iran cannot qualify for aid from the western powers mainly because of witnessed cases of violations against human rights (Naughton 1993, p. 495). Causes of Chinese Success in the International System It is uncontestable that the Chinese economy is expanding at a very high rate as compared to other economies. Its rampant growth is largely attributed to the large volumes of exports. However, the country also imports high volumes of raw materials from other countries. What puts China in an advantaged position is the production of cheap goods that have dominated many foreign markets. The cheap products have given other foreign products stiff competition. The Chinese economy is greatly endowed with cheap labor, which enables most Chinese companies to run their operations at affordable costs. As a result, China has been able to achieve strong competitive advantage at the global market. The purchase of foreign businesses and government bonds has also placed the Chinese economy in an influential position worldwide. For instance, the Chinese government was able to purchase the U.S (Pettis 2005, p. 28). Treasury bond after the U.S. government found itself in a large budget deficit. Similarly, China purchased the Greek bonds after the government encountered hiccups in the economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Chinese Economy and the MNCs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Europe is said to be the largest market for the Chinese products. Ho wever, many countries saw it wise to collaborate with both developing countries and fastest growing economies with an ultimate goal of mutual benefit. The recent economical policies put forward by Chinese officials are alleged to focus on furthering Chinese businesses in other countries. In addition, the Chinese government is looking forward to stabilize its currency as well as internationalizing it. This will definitely have negative effects to the U.S. currency and economy (Cai 2006, p. 627). The government decided to hedge its currency to reduce the influence of international financial crisis to the economy (Clarke 2003, p. 498). Hedging implies reducing or managing danger. This is carried out through taking a stand in the upcoming market that is contrary to the one in the existing market with the aim of reducing or preventing hazards linked to price variations. This guarantees stability to both borrowers and international businesspersons. In the beginning of 1990s, China was rel ying heavily on agricultural sector for its economic improvement. However, large portion of workforce left the rural areas in search of employment in urban centers (Wu 2005, p. 441). Today China is gradually leaving the industrial based economy towards manufacturing and service based economy. This has largely been influenced by the fact that China is strongly embracing modern technology as well as value chain. This has consequently led to production of high quality products similar to those ones from superior economies. Recent researches indicate that China is the third largest trading nation in the world. China relies heavily on exports of manufactured goods for growth of the economy. Through this, the state has experienced a 25% rise in GDP in the last twenty years. Of the total GDP, sixty percent comes from exports. China has co-opted even the most powerful states in its development agenda, especially those from the EU. Chinese trading terms have attracted the western powers forc ing them to welcome Chinese MNCs in their financial systems. In the recent arguments, it is claimed that China is growing first because of the soaring levels of exports. In fact, China has been accused of dumping goods low quality to other countries (Wu Chen 2001, p. 1246). Often, the growth of general economy through exports undervalues the wellbeing of the domestic economy. China is now embracing consumer consumption, which is an advantage to its domestic economic growth.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More China is also blamed for its high level of investment in consumer goods. The data acknowledges that about 40 percent of GDP has been made by investing in finished goods (Taylor 2002, p. 211). This kind of investment is not safe to the economy since many people prefer saving their finances to spending them in unnecessary goods. The government understood this trend and acted accordingly by restricting private and public companies from manufacturing for local markets (Ye 1992, p. 127). This encouraged many companies to produce goods that would meet international standards. The only option for local companies was to produce for goods for export Effects of Chinese Domination Although China is doing very well in the export market, the country currently imports raw materials, expertise, capital goods as well as intermediate goods from a number of trading partners (Xiao Sun 2005, p. 45). The trading partners enjoy doing business with China because of excellent prices to their raw materials . Consequently, China does not earn substantial profits in its imports and exports trade. Nevertheless, China is not only regarded as having much exports in the world but also has a high level of imports, which puts it in fourth position worldwide (Tseng Mak 1996, p. 153). China faces this consequence as result of engaging in trade with many states. As it has happened in the past, China continues to experience steady flow of Foreign Direct Investment to its economy. According to statistics, it is approximated that non-financial FDI increased from US $60.3 billion in the year 2005 to US$ 63 billion in the year 2006 (Meyer Nguyen 2005, p. 73). This represented an increase of four and a half percent within two years. The state has capitalized on this increase to build up more financial relations with other states. Japan is alleged to be the largest investor in Chinese economy followed closely by Taiwan while EU ranks in the third position, with its heavy investment being in the techn ology sector (Zhu 2001, p. 31). However, China has significantly invested in other countries mostly in ICT, telecommunication, oil and industrial sector. Accordingly, the percentage of investment in Latin America is much higher as compared to that in Asian region. In particular, the largest investment of Chinese FDI stock is in Germany followed by Spain, UK and Denmark. Generally, the GDP of China stands at US$ 3 trillion, which is large though less as compared to sixteen trillion of the entire Europe (Chow 1993, p. 123). Conversely, China buys some products from Europe. This means that in case the Euro is to stabilize, Europe has to monitor the movement of the Chinese economy. Certainly, China is shaping the world economy. Comparatively, the Chinese companies are making imperative investment in Africa. For instance, the Wu Yi Company from China has invested in infrastructural development, specifically in the construction of superhighways Kenya. In exchange, the Chinese government a nd its multinational companies get an opportunity of operating businesses within the Kenyan territory without many obstructions such as imposition of quotas, payment of high tariffs and taxes mostly imposed on foreign commodities. In most cases, the U.S. economy as well as the European financial system fails to do well. In such an event, China seems to drive the economy through its share increase at the global market. In fact, economic analysts predict that in the next 10 or 20 years China will be one of the feared world economies. Chinese MNCs The Chinese market is growing rapidly with a lot of promising restructuring going on in the financial sector. This has no doubt attracted a number of multinational corporations to the economy (Ding 2000, p. 133). These emerging firms in the Chinese market are tagged as second-generation MMCs. In most cases, these businesses come up with several objectives that improve Chinese financial system. For instance, some target to build a dominant pos ition in the market while others focus on nationwide market and establishment of excellent businesses. However, in this country several MNCs find themselves in great problems of dealing with large number of public entities. Such agencies are set up to regulate the activities of firms. Through this, the government benefits from improved trade in the country. Apparently, many MNCs always endeavor to manage different business units in different parts in order to ensure value maximization and reduction of costs (Child Tse 2001, p. 12). This strengthens Chinese economy by diversifying it. The country does not face serious financial crisis in case of recession. In dealing with local partners, managers are sometimes faced with the challenge of being new in the market. This implies that local partners fail to understand the new commodity, the market and the best mode of distribution channel. Local partners also suffer from sourcing that is, they do not know where to get finances for sustai ning business (Delios Henisz 2003, p. 1158). Another problem that faces foreign investors in China is inadequate and unskilled personnel. It is near to impossibility to get a trained manager who is willing to be employed by a foreigner in China. Although a number of challenges exist in respect to MNCs investment in China, the government came up with a few organizational policies to ensure good performance of MNCs (Guo Han 2004, p. 96). MNCs have collaborated with government to strengthen the country’s global market. The third idea was to ensure that an efficient external relationship is established among MNCs by coming up with a powerful Chinese corporate center whose responsibility would be formulation of policies and eventual implementation. Finally, the MNCs were to have close and strong control on the perceived weak joint ventures. The MNCs were to have shares in weak businesses and have a right to propose good members of staff to such investments, as well as offering e xternal support. Most of the MNCs investing in China have to follow the Chinese corporate values in order to flourish. For the past few years, it was commended that majority of MNCs with investments in China did very well partly due to good performance of Chinese economy. Specifically, China contributed about 10 percent of the global revenues mostly derived from the 180 multinational corporations (Fernando 2007, p. 367). The government decided that almost the entire MNCs in China would have to reform their businesses by coming up with rules that are more favorable to issues pertaining to investment and reposition themselves in the market by employing a global strategy (Cushman 1985, p. 306). The country benefited from MNCs’ efforts because many investors were willing to enter the market. Chinese products are no longer facing stiff competition from other products in the world. China is no longer focusing on producing cheap products but also paying much attention on producing q uality products through employment of advanced technology in the production processes. Hardly will an organization flourish in its domestic market without having the corporation of the Chinese multinational corporation. It is however fascinating to note that several companies in china are state owned. If a company is not owned by the state then most probably, the government influences its operations through regulations and legal systems (Bach, Newman Weber 2006, p. 507). The unique feature that characterizes Chinese multinational corporations is its concentration of ownership. Family members own most of the Chinese MNCs. This has been assumed to have great effect on the performance of the Chinese corporations. For instance, the Chinese companies such as the Chinese Development Bank in which family members own majority shares outperform other companies in the world due to strong corporation among shareholders. This in turn transforms the company’s performance to new heights o f success (Child Rodrigues 2005, p. 390). In addition, Chinese companies generally employ the Japanese corporate governance style in their management. This kind of corporate governance always looks on the benefits of the organization to its stakeholders. The stakeholders comprise of shareholders, managers, employees, customers and the government itself. The idea behind this is to encourage each partner to work hard towards the overall performance of the organization. Certainly, value maximization does not encourage managers to pursue a goal of maximizing profit. This automatically prevents managers from fulfilling their selfish interest and consequently increases share value maximization on the side of shareholders. Therefore, Chinese companies encourage both profit maximization and share value maximization. This guarantees cooperation between shareholders and managers, which further ensures the wellbeing of customers and employees. There is no doubt that this has been the driving force behind the success of Chinese MNCs (Deschandol Luckock 2005, p. 32). It is obvious that great deal of issues should have automatically attracted MNCs in China while at the same time promoting Chinese firms elsewhere in the world. It is certain that the high level of population assures any firm of the large size of the product market. A large market ensures that manufactured products are easily disposed off (Zhan 1995, p. 89). On the other hand, the Chinese financial institutions are preferred by most MNCs as far as capital financing is concerned. Perhaps the low interest rates offered by Chinese lending institutions as well as the long-term basis for full repayment of loans could have attracted large number of MNCs in China. In addition, most MNCs find it impossible to operate in a country, which have political policies that interfere with their smooth operations (Boisot Child 1996, p. 620). Conclusion Diverse policies have promoted investments of Chinese firms in other coun tries. For instance, the â€Å"Go Global† policy has strengthened interactions between China and other trading partners. In particular, within the African continent China was able to form the Forum for China Cooperation. This has consequently improved the style in with which China is doing business with its African partners. The connection between Africa and China is furthermore strengthened by the established investment fund which is has a budget of approximately five billion US dollars. This simply promotes more Chinese investment in the African continent. Similarly, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) that was set up to regulate and harmonize Chinese economy and its subsequent industrial policy has successfully come up with strategies that enable domestic firms to easily access loans. This is interpreted as an attempt to finance â€Å"Going Global† strategy. Transparency, liberalization and technological advancement shown by Chinese government and its investment firms have significantly led to soaring rate of outward investment. Finally, it is evident that liberalization of trade as well as government support continues to promote MNCs operations in the domestic market while promoting domestic firms’ investment abroad. It is therefore evident that China is re-shaping the world financial market through several means. Many developed countries have come up with policies aimed at countering the influence of China in the world market. Chinese corporate governance is attributable to its popularity. It should be noted that even though China is powerful economically; it remains a third world country. Many resources in the country belong to the state implying that many are languishing in poverty. List of references Bach, D, Newman, AL Weber, S 2006, â€Å"The international implications of China’s fledgling regulatory state: from product maker to rule maker†, New Political Economy, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 499-518. Bois ot, M Child, J 1996, â€Å"From fiefs to clans and network capitalism: explaining China’s emerging economic order†, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41, no. 4, pp 600-628. Cai, C 2006, â€Å"Outward foreign direct investment protection and the effectiveness of Chinese BIT Practise†, Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 7, no. 5, pp 621-652. Cheng, LR Zhou, X 2007, â€Å"Characteristics of the new policy system of Chinese foreign direct investment†, China-USA Business Review, Vol. 6, no. 3, pp 19-21. Child, J Rodrigues, SB 2005, â€Å"The internationalization of Chinese firms: a case for theoretical extension?† Management and Organization Review, Vol. 1, no. 3, pp 381-410. Child, J Tse, DK 2001, â€Å"China’s transition and its implications for international business†, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 32, no. 1, pp 5-21. Chow, GC 1993, â€Å"How and why China succeeded in her economic reform†, Chi na Economic Review, Vol. 4, no. 2, pp 117-128. Clarke, DC 2003, â€Å"Corporate governance in China: an overview†, China Economic Review, Vol. 14, no. 3, pp 494-507. Cushman, DO 1985, â€Å"Real exchange rate risk, expectations, and the level of foreign direct investment†, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 67, no. 2, pp 297-308. Delios, A Henisz, WJ 2003, â€Å"Political hazards, experience, and sequential entry strategies: the international expansion of Japanese firms, 1980–1988†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, no. 1, pp 1153–1164. Deschandol, JM Luckock, T 2005, â€Å"Tips for foreign vendors in Chinese M A†, International Financial Law Review, Vol. 24, no. 1, pp 31-32. Ding, XL 2000, â€Å"Informal privatization through internationalization: the rise of nomenklatura capitalism in China’s offshore business†, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 30, no. 1, pp 121-146. Fernando, S 2007, â€Å"Chrono logy of China-Africa Relations†, China Report, Vol. 43, no. 1, pp 363-373. Guo, J Han, S 2004, â€Å"Reforms of China’s foreign exchange regime and RMB exchange rate behaviour†, The Chinese Economy, Vol. 37, no. 2, pp 76-101. Meyer, KE Nguyen, HV 2005, â€Å"Foreign Investment Strategies and Sub-national Institutions in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Vietnam†, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 42, no. 1, pp 63–93. Naughton, B 1993, â€Å"Deng Xiaoping: the economist†, China Quarterly, Vol. 135, no. 1, pp 491-514. Pettis, M 2005, â€Å"Buy abroad, benefit at home†, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 168, no. 7, pp 27-29. Taylor, R 2002, â€Å"Globalization strategies of Chinese companies: current developments and future prospects†, Asian Business and Management, Vol. 1, no. 2, pp 209-225. Tseng, CS Mak, SKM 1996, â€Å"Strategy and motivation for PRC outward direct investments with particular reference to enterprises from t he Pearl River Delta†, in Macpherson, JYS Cheng, Y (eds.) Economic and Social Development in South China, Edward Elgar, London, pp 140-161. Wu, HL Chen, CH 2001, â€Å"An assessment of outward foreign direct investment from China’s transitional economy†, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 53, no. 8, pp 1235-1254. Wu, X 2005, â€Å"General Situation of the implementation of â€Å"Going Global† strategy in 2005†, in MOFCOM (ed.), China Commerce Yearbook 2006, MOFCOM, Beijing, pp 440-443. Xiao, J Sun, F 2005, â€Å"The challenges facing outbound Chinese MA†, International Financial Law Review, Vol. 24, no. 12, pp 44-46. Ye, G 1992, â€Å"Chinese transnational corporations†, Transnational Corporations, Vol. 1, no. 2, pp 125-133. Zhan, JX 1995, â€Å"Trans-nationalization and outward investment: the case of Chinese firms†, Transnational Corporations, Vol. 4, no. 3, pp 67-100. Zhu, R 2001, â€Å"Report on the outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (Excerpts)†, in Shi Guangsheng (ed.) Almanac of China’s Foreign Economic Relations and Trade 2001, MOFCOM, Beijing, pp 31-44. This essay on The Chinese Economy and the MNCs was written and submitted by user Ray Wolfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Conjugating Chasser in French

Conjugating Chasser in French When you want to say to hunt or to chase in French, use the verb  chasser. This is pretty straightforward because it looks and sounds a lot like the English chase. You will find that conjugating  chasser  is relatively easy as well. Conjugating the French Verb  Chasser Chasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and that means we can use the most common verb conjugation pattern. If you learn how to transform this word to the appropriate tense, it makes similar words like  cesser  (to stop) and  brà »ler  (to burn)  a little easier to learn. Conjugating is as simple as recognizing the stem in this case,  chass   and adding the appropriate ending. For the  je  (I) present tense, its as simple as an -e  and for the future  je, it will be -erai. Unlike English, French requires you to match the subject pronoun with the tense. In English, hunting applies no matter if youre talking about I, you, or we, but in French, each subject requires a different ending. The chart will help you learn these forms: I hunt is je chasse and we will hunt is nous chasserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je chasse chasserai chassais tu chasses chasseras chassais il chasse chassera chassait nous chassons chasserons chassions vous chassez chasserez chassiez ils chassent chasseront chassaient The Present Participle of  Chasser Using the stem of  chasser, add the ending -ant  and you have the  present participle  chassant. This is a verb  but can be used as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle A  common way to express the past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. To use this, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject, then add the  past participle  chassà ©. For example, I chased is jai chassà © and we hunted is nous avons chassà ©. More  Chasser  Conjugations to Know In less frequent instances, you may find a use for the following conjugations. The subjunctive and conditional are used when there is uncertainty to the verb and these are used quite often. In contrast, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are rare and found primarily in literature. In the least, you should be able to recognize each of these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je chasse chasserais chassai chassasse tu chasses chasserais chassas chassasses il chasse chasserait chassa chassà ¢t nous chassions chasserions chassà ¢mes chassassions vous chassiez chasseriez chassà ¢tes chassassiez ils chassent chasseraient chassà ¨rent chassassent To use  chasser  in an exclamation and quickly request or demand something be hunted, use the imperative. When doing so, its perfectly acceptable to skip the subject pronoun and say only the verb: chasse rather than  tu chasse. Imperative (tu) chasse (nous) chassons (vous) chassez

ISMG 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ISMG 3000 - Essay Example Debbi’s passionate zeal for baking and Randy’s business sense was complementary for starting a successful business. Hence, Debbi and Randy would seem to have reasonable future for each other. Debbi’s cookies were very much in demand amongst Randy’s clients which inspired Debbi to start an independent business of selling cookies. Debbi had confidence on her expertise in making mouth watering cookies which had always been very popular amongst her relatives. She was therefore able to convince her husband, Randy for starting a cookie business. Her main goal was to bake great cookies and make customers feel good. Thus, it was important for her to create an ambience of caring that would attract customers and provide them with quality cookies to make them feel good. On the other hand, Randy’s goal was to develop an enviable corporate structure with state of the art information technology that would help run the various operations smoothly. His goal was to exploit technology to optimize information flow within and across stores so that effective decision making could be based on informed choice. He strongly believed that machines must relieve people of mundane task and make them free to exploit their creativity in ways that would benefit the business like selling cookies directly to customers and giving personal touch. Debbi was in dilemma while opening her second store of Mrs. Fields’ Cookies. She loved baking cookies and strongly believed that personal involvement was an important part of running successful cookie business. She was afraid of delegating and thought that it might lower the quality of her cookies and most importantly, she would not be able to interact with her customers. Thus, the dilemma was genuine as she could not be in both the places at the same time. Her management style was fundamentally based on the simple principle that if one believes in something, one would be more convincing. Hence,

Sampling and Data Collection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sampling and Data Collection - Assignment Example A research problem where probability sampling is appropriate is in a study of effects of brand modification on a product’s popularity. The research problem targets a diversified population by such factors as age, income, levels of education, and area of residence. Significance of sub-populations, within the factors, may further vary and a representative sample that also factors relative significance of the sub-populations requires a stratified random sampling approach. The population is in the case divided into the subgroups and each group allocated a probability of sampling a participant. Random sampling is a method of obtaining a sample, based on unrestricted probability sampling approach, while random selection is an approach to allocating sampled research participants to different groups in a study (Black, 1999; Christensen, Johnson, and Turner, 2011). Random assignment is important in experimental research situations in which participants are to be assigned to treatment and control

The impact of the new technologies is revolutionising typographic Essay

The impact of the new technologies is revolutionising typographic practice. How is typograhpy and the role of typographic designers changing to meet new challen - Essay Example drew Haslam (2005), in their book Type and Typography, referred to the term as that concerned with the creation of typefaces and their arrangement to convey a message. (introduction) There are various other versions of these definitions but it all boils down to one thing: Typography’s existence occurred sometime in the 15th century and is tied with the invention of the printing press because it was responsible for the mechanical notation and arrangement of language. To borrow the words of Philipp Meggs, Rob Carter and Ben Day (2002): â€Å"The development of printing technology so drastically changed the nature of written communication that the term typography was coined to describe the study, use, and design of sets of identical repeated letterforms. According to Meggs, Carter and Day, the invention of typography was, in fact, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, writing that the earliest mechanization of a handicraft is the hand-lettering of books. (p. 103) With the above information established, we underscore that typography evolves because of technology and thus, have had slightly differing meanings at different periods of history. In the age of the metal type, for instance, type and typeface were distinguished from each other, while in today’s digital age, they are used interchangeably. This will discussed, further later on. Peter Bil’ak offered us an interesting perspective when he said that typography should not be connected to any specific medium because it tends to change and evolve. The idea is that we continue to define and redefine the visual systems of visual language. We see this in the great leap we have achieved since the cave paintings to the synthesis of the digital pictographs. Tova Rabinowitz (2006) tells us that the widespread participation in typography’s recent evolution and its vibrant and experimental nature present an optimistic outlook for the continuation of type as a vehicle for expression and a democratizing cultural

The River Murray, Australia

The River Murray, Australia 1. Introduction The river Murray is one of the largest river in Australia and also known as The Mighty River and Murray Darling the name of the basin is derived from its two major rivers, the Murray River and the Darling River. River Murray had been in Australia for thousands of years and it is the biggest river in Australia, there are many activities that happened along the river side for many years and the impact of human to the river is very big. It is a major source of domestic water for 1.25 million people. Hydro-electricity generated from the River and supplies electricity for Victoria and New South Wales; but the water of the river is getting more polluted meanwhile the Murray valley is becoming well known for its tourism. 2. Geographical location The Murray Darling river pass through Australia and because of its length as the total 2.341 miles and Murray river pass through Corryong, Albury-Wodonga, Echuca, Moama and Swan Hill. It content: 85 species of mammals, with 20 extinct and 16 endangered, 53 species of frogs, with none endangered, 46 species of snakes, with 5 endangered, 5 species of tortoises, with none endangered, and 34 species of fish, with none endangered. Total water flow in the Murray-Darling in the period in 1885 is average 24,000 gigalitres per year. Estimated total annual flows for the river range from 5,000 gigalitres and in 1902 to 57,000 gigalitres in 1956 and average rainfall = 480 mm/year = 508,000 GL/year 3. History It is thought that the Murray Darling River was formed about 60 million years ago. The Murray Darling region is full of fascinating history 40 thousand years ago, through to the more recent times of early European settlement. The history of the Murray River in the late 18th and 19th centuries, the Murray River became an important transportation route to carry goods to and from Melbourne. Between 2.5 and 0.5 million years ago the Murray River end and form freshwater lake that called Lake Bungunia. Discovered by European explorers Hamilton H. Hume and William H. Hovell in 1824. The river also the start of many species of animal in Australia for example: emus, koala bears, Western Grey kangaroos, Bearded Dragon lizards, red-rumped parrots, black swans, pelicans, and dolphins. For many years in history the Murray Darling river help people co carry wood, wheat, and facilities up and down the river the first trips being made by two boats from South Australia. In 1919 a dam that name Hume D am had been build and the dam had change the entire river. Hume Dam is located in the downstream of the Murray River and Mitta Mitta River 16 kilometers east of Albury-Wodonga the dam is 2,225 km from the Murray mouth at Goolwa. 4. Impact of human use The industrial and domestic needs for water have meant that regulation and control of the rivers natural flow that effect the plant and animal that depend on the river. The use of locks and dams interrupted the river flow and restrict water in some area that needed, while other areas receive more water than they normally would in a heavy rainfall or flooded. This has affected the breeding cycles of animals and plants depend on the river. The river system is now in a serious problem with salinity. This problem is blame for agriculture because of the fertilizer, chemical and pesticide runoff that put into the water then increase the amount of salt flow into the water, it is also blame for lower productivity such as the poor water quality and flooding. It is estimated that salinity costs the users of the Murray River $47 million each year to filter the water for usage. Dame use in river had changed the entire river and life along the river side. Hume Dame had limited the amount of water flow and extremely lowers the water level. The lower water level makes agricultural decrease its productivity and salinity is increase because that water level is too low so it cant dilute the water. Because of the salinity so animal and plant had a very big impact and at the Murray mouth at Goolwa, it had been found that the water is just like sea water because of its pollution. And because of these effects, its affect the water use of people and affect the peoples who use water from the river as water resource.

Essay --

1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON THE SYSTEM This project is to develop a web-based service application for The Malaysian Association of Practicing Opticians (MAPO) with database system. The project is focused to solve client problem, generally to convert the file-based system into a web-based service with database. Title of this system is â€Å"MAPO Membership Loyalty System† that performed as web-based application, allows the organization to manage their clients and solve other matter arise. 1.1 COMPANY BACKGROUND The Malaysian Association of Practicing Opticians (MAPO) is the professional body that represents optometrists in Malaysia. Optometrists are graduates with at least a Bachelor of Optometry degree from a recognized university. Some optometrists also possess other entry-level qualifications such as the professional masters and doctoral degrees in optometry. Optometrists are the primary eye care professionals who provide comprehensive eye examination and vision care services which include: prescription of glasses and contact lenses, rehabilitation of the visual system in lazy eyes and in cases of binocular vision difficulties, and the detection of common eye diseases. MAPO was born in 1985 and this year they are celebrating its 28th Successful Year. The association has been greatly active throughout these years, organizing fairs and educations to help their members upgrading their knowledge, hence provide a better service in the market. Consists of a large group of professionals, the association was formed with the following objectives: 1. To raise or improve the standard of practice in order to project an image of professionalism. 2. To protect the overall interest of MAPO members. 3. Strive to provide the best primary eyecare to t... ...on each request are imposed to fully dependence to the application service / server as its responsibility. This is to ensure that there are no sniffing to potentially leaked data management to the very complex details such variable names, row / column / tuple name of database and even exposed unsecure port. However, as using three tier client server architecture with asp.net services, too much security might overly restrict the end user thus denying the actual service that should be able available for them. Developer could be blamed if this matter are arise especially during their essential works. Thus using unique cached ID together with RBAC trained services and sessions, it’s like digging a secured tunnel for the respective user for them to work without any interruption as every path are measured and assigned with the suitable permission and access validation.

Reaction Paper †Fiction: Short Story

â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† is a small story written by Katherine Anne Porter, the American writer. It was published in 1930 along with other short stories alike, as part of story collection called â€Å"Flowering Judas†. The reaction to this fiction story from a reader’s point of view I’m going to express in this short essay. The whole setting of this story is drawn around the bed of Ms. Weatherall, where she is spending the last moments of her life. The author is focusing her attention on Granny’s thoughts in form of her own self-monologue. The other characters present in the final scene of Granny’s life are: her own daughter, Cornelia, Dr. Harry, the priest, and her grandchildren, who are invited to visit their grandmother before she dies. The fact that Granny Weatherall is having a serious illness is concealed from her by the doctor and the relatives. Being close to death Ms. Weatherall is staying in bright mind and is rehearsing her own thoughts of the past and is fantasizing about present as what she would do if she did not have to stay in bed. The other characters in the story display little action, like quiet talk of Granny’s daughter to the doctor that irritates Ms. Weatherall as she starts feeling more concern about herself. The doctor, on the other hand, is trying to cheer Ms. Weatherall up by telling her that she is looking good and referring to her as â€Å"little girl†, which is inappropriate with ladies of her age. The author is mainly concentrating on Granny’s thoughts in this story. In her memories she goes back into past, sees her husband that died many years ago, and, even against her will, she reminds about events that happened to her when she was a teenager. The author is writing the story the way readers can see not only old woman dying among her relatives but as she watches her own life before her eyes before she passes away. The other people who surround Ms. Weatherall seem not to destruct her from her own thoughts with their actions. The concept of this inner journey is to introduce the reader to Ms. Weatherall’s personality and what her life was about. All the sudden the old lady is seeing things that happened to her many years ago, the memories she either regretted or kept hidden through her entire life. These memories become so lose that she almost experiences them over again after so many years. The author makes it obvious that the old lady has given her heart and soul to being a mother and wife up to her final breath. The whole flow of the story changes as Ms. Weatherall gets close to dying. It seems like the flow of her thoughts is becoming more emotional. Granny starts denying her critical condition and it seems like sh e loses control over the situation. She recalls, once when she thought she was close to dying twenty years ago she did not feel that way and she did not expect death coming. This event has given her the experience of not being afraid of it. She survived that day, and from that point on death has become something invisible to her. Granny almost fell as she could get up of the bed and return to her daily activities. In her own thoughts she acts as she has got things to do tomorrow. She displays incredible stubbornness and will to continue as her death comes closer. The author wanted to make connection between the simple rehearsal of thoughts to almost euphorical state of mind as death comes closer. Ms. Weatherall was always an honest catholic, and her faith in God is inspiring her even now. She remembers, when she was young her faith helped her to overcome any obstacles, and everything she was about to take on could easily be accomplished. â€Å"Thank God there was a little margin over for peace: then a person could spread out the plan of life and tuck in the edges orderly†. Finally Granny Weatherall rests in peace like her long lived father who was her hero and whose image she kept in her mind until her final hour. I personally like the story and how it is told. I found myself relate to this story because a year ago I went through the same period of sorrow when my grandmother was passing away. In this story I felt not only sympathy to Ms. Weatherall as I read it, but I was pleasantly impressed of her courage and will to live even after knowing that she was close to dying. I think this is because she is not only courageous person but she truly has God in her heart. I think this is a really good work by the author as she found a very interesting theme of life and death. I read somewhere that each person before dying sees their own life flashing before them. This was a really good example of interpretations of final thoughts of person and emotional preparation to the end of life.

Iroj Shrestha Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Iroj Shrestha Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Iroj Shrestha Miss Vines EN 100-19 3 February 2016 A Week with a Hundred Adventure It was 7 o'clock in the morning, and my cup was still warm with half filled coffee. A vibration with a beep; a message from my boss "See you in my office by 0800." This was how he had exactly texted me. His brand new office set up, the smell of fresh paint, and a chocolate-colored wooden floor was nice to enjoy with the sound of my footsteps. His frown wrinkled face with a handful of paper could easily express what I was assigned for. A new office, new boss and a new task. I got out of his office with the job specs, a brief description of a place we were heading for, shelter points, logistics management paper and a 4x4 map. Trucks were passing through the gate in a convoy and there was a jeep arranged for us to manage until the first rendezvous at Gorkha. "Have a good day, son" he patted on my shoulder, with a brief nod saying no single word, I jumped into the jeep. I shouldn't have address seniors that way, but I was already on the jeep. The only thing I could always hear was the sound of the engine disregarding the folk song in that audio system I switched myself to earbuds. The highway was dense with trees on both sides and some small huts selling hot tea. After a 6 hours drive we were at first rendezvous, it was almost dark at the bank of a river where we had set up for our first night before a week trek to Lamjung. "sir, supper is ready" a 6 feet tall muscular guy stood in front of me. "Okay, serve our boys first and get me a packet of cigarette" I said. "sir, there are no any stores around here, we are at the bank of a river" he responded. A chilly night without a cigarette I thought to myself and said "its okay, you can leave". A table with a folding mechanism was laid and two chairs and the supper was ready. I asked one of my boys "why is this extra chair here?" "sir" he responded, "Maj. Basnet will be here to join you for the dinner." "well, where is he?" I asked. "Sir, he is on the phone and said he would be back soon." It's freezing and I don't know why we are made to wait for seniors all the time. With a majestic voice Major Basnet said "hey, you could have started" "Its okay, sir" I replied. Basnet was tall, short haired and kind of mute all the time as I was not. After the supper Major Basnet stood up and expressed his appreciation for our hospitality. "Thank you for the dinner, Charlie Company and welcome to your very first adventure mr., "Iroj, Sir" I replied. "Okay, Iroj have a good night" he responded. "good night, sir." Strange and short conversation anyway the food was great. Melodies from the chirping birds and a harsh pull of boot lace woke me up. I slowly pulled the zipper down the sleeping bag and got out of my tent. "Good morning, sir" all my boys roared at one voice "Good morning guys". We were all set to march after reporting Maj. Basnet. I would really miss the chance viewing such magnificent scenic views if I was not listed to on the move. Anyway, I should thank Col. For his graciousness providing me this opportunity I thought to myself. Walking all day long with one heavy lunch and no dinner arrangements, sounds pretty much survival training. And for me, it was a real survival as I had no any cigarettes for the day until the next rendezvous which was village Maaling. Small creeks, dense wood, damp smelling soil, large rocky hills were all we had to come across and move on like we had no other clue to Maaling. Finally, we made the second rendezvous point, village Maaling. Well, If I have to define someday a paradise, it would be no other than village Maaling. Located at a peak of a hill, to lay a beautiful village with merely fifty houses was like god's creativity,

The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church †Research Paper

The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church – Research Paper Free Online Research Papers The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church Research Paper Objectively speaking, an icon is a two-dimensional work of art found in the Eastern Orthodox religion, often portraying religious figures such as Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and various saints. Obviously, icons (sometimes spelled ikons) are revered in this tradition, but their precise significance is often hard to understand. The very concept of religious images is, in fact, a broad area of concern, one that did not begin even with Christianity (Gerhard 8). However, the case within this specific tradition is a very unique one. In Eastern Orthodoxy, icons are religious works of art, which, although possessing a long history and complexity of manufacture, are centrally concerned with portraying a symbolic message and serving as a tool of worship rather than exhibiting any aesthetic value. The origin of religious concern for representative images does not lie with the Eastern Orthodox faith, nor did it begin with Christianity at all. The Mosaic law of Judaism contained a tenet which read, â€Å"Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth† (Exodus 20:4). Although the English translation appears quite clear, in ancient Judaism, this commandment was a constant subject of argumentation, as many interpreted the word â€Å"image† as closer to â€Å"idol† than any literal image (9). The developing Christian world, however, was nurtured in a land influenced by more than Jewish tradition. The Greek attitude toward images and even image worship was quite favorable. Paintings and statues of their mythical gods and heroes covered classical Greece, while even Rome adopted the Greek imagery into the culture of its own people (12). In addition, the Syrian civilization introduced to the Mediterranean world its own artistic style of frontal poses and large facial features (Cavarnos 14). Israel, the birthplace and location of the ministry of Jesus, was the cradle of Christianity and was centrally Jewish, which usually rejected images unconditionally. However, Christianity was quickly becoming an expanding church, and its increasing acceptance forced Christians throughout the Old World to evaluate their stand on representative images (Gerhard 14). Among the Orthodox tradition, there exists a legend of the first icon, which began with Christ. John Stuart explains: Tradition has it that Abgar, King of Edessa, who was afflicted with leprosy, heard tell that Christ could restore him to health. He accordingly sent one Ananias as an ambassador to Palestine with instructions to find Our Lord and return with him to Edessa. When Ananias finally caught up with him, Christ was addressing a great throng of people. Being unable to approach nearer, Ananias began to sketch the face of Christ, although needless to say, with very little success. But Christ was aware of what Ananias was doing. When he had dismissed the crowds, he took a piece of linen; soaking it in water, he pressed it firmly to his face and then handed it to Ananias. When the latter had taken the towel into his hands, he saw that Christ’s features were clearly imprinted upon it. Christ declined to go to Edessa but promised to send a disciple after his death. And Edessa was to become, in fact, the first Christian state. Meanwhile, Ananias was instructed to take the towel to King Abgar, as a substitute for Christ’s presence. (31) Eventually, with the increasing influx of complete Mediterranean culture in the Christian world, images gained greater acceptance. In the Byzantine area (the region around Constantinople named for the old name of the city, Byzantium), the Christian imagery was mostly affected by the Hellenistic (Greek and Roman) and Syrian culture (Cavarnos 14). The central Hellenistic influence in Christian iconography was the art of mosaics. Early Christians used this technique to decorate the walls, floors, domes, etc of their churches. Syrian art effectively gave rise to the use of frescoes in Christian churches. The third type of icon- the panel icon- is the most widely used in Russia and most other regions of the Orthodox faith. It consists of a picture painted on a chalk-covered wooden panel treated with an egg solution, or tempera (17). The actual process of creating a panel icon is very complex. First, the icon-maker must go search for the correct type of wood. Cypress was used in Greece; birch and oak were often sought after in Russia, as well as was a good, sturdy pine from Siberia (Gerhard 208). After carving the panel into the correct size and shape with an axe or two-handed plane, it is stored away to remove its moisture. This process normally takes five or six years. After this period, gesso, or chalk, is ground onto its surface to prepare the panel for the next step. This step involves the draughtsman, who sketches the basic outline of the picture in charcoal. When this is completed, he removes the charcoal and paints the outline in a black-colored paint. After the fundamental outline of the image is complete, the surface is gilded with an egg-paste mixture to prepare it for the actual pigmented paint (Stuart 42). On the icon, the first sections painted are the background (such as buildings and nature) and the clothing of the subjects involved. Normally, gold ornamentation follows, which involves painting on sticky resin followed by the application of light gold sheets, after which the sheets are polished. Next, the icon-painter begins painting the subjects’ faces. These comprise the most precise skill on the part of the painter, who must endow the faces with the very spirit and life force of the subject in the picture. A layer of varnish, normally comprised of linseed or olive oil is applied. Finally, it is transported to a church for a blessing (Gerhard 210). The icon is then complete. The Byzantine art style is fundamentally different from the classic western style of realistic sketches and Renaissance-type paintings. The icon painter, as a member of this Byzantine tradition, approaches art with symbols in mind, rather than a realistic concept of some natural object (Stuart 25). Much like a Chinese calligrapher wanting to depict a tree in a work of writing composes a specific character meaning â€Å"tree,† rather than drawing any actual tree that he may see or conceptualize, the icon painter creates specific symbolic paintings that illustrate the various religious ideas wishing to be expressed. Truly, iconography is more concerned with symbolism than physical appearances. The object of an icon is to capture the spirit and meaning of what the image is trying to portray. Constantine Cavarnos maintains that â€Å"True iconography is intended to take us beyond anatomy and the three-dimensional world of matter to a realm that is immaterial, spaceless, timeless- the realm of the spirit, of eternity. And hence the forms and colors are not those that one customarily observes around him, but have something unworldly about them† (38). Indeed, these metaphors elicit associations and can give an extended message than what is possible in a work concerned with physical beauty and perspective exactness. It is of importance to note that the colors used in an icon are metaphorical rather than actual; icon colors often do not follow the color patterns in nature. Rather than making sure all the colors are in harmony with natural appearance, the icon painter will seek a harmony with the spiritual message in his art. Colors are very important for this harmony; each color symbolizes an aspect of the icon and gives a special meaning. For instance, deep red and royal purple are symbolic of the blood of Christ and are often used for the shoes of royal figures. Blue represents heaven and the ethereal. The greens and browns are usually used in familiar manners, representing the earth and vegetation- a reminder of our existence on this earth. From scarlet red comes vigor and vitality, a color used for the blood of martyrs and the cloak of St. George. Orange-red symbolizes the purification of the spirit. White suggests purity and colors the garments of Christ and his angels (28). To give a specific example of the abstract nature of icon art, the faces of the characters depicted always are turned facing the viewer- the person giving their respects and their prayers. This rule holds true regardless of the character’s perspective position in their environment (Upensky 60). In fact, not only are the heads facing the viewer, the important figures in the image have their entire body turned outward in this manner. The rest, the less important, are normally subject to the laws of three-dimensional perspectives. Additionally, where those significant figures are generally depicted as stationary, the rest are again interacting with their environment and are often moving (65). Superceding the hassle over the concern of the icon complying with the â€Å"hows† of natural laws and perspectives is the concern of why the natural laws work. This question of â€Å"why?† has always been a consideration for Byzantine religious artists. They do not comply with the classic paintings- those that depict photographically accurate settings; again, icons portray the religious nature and symbolism of their scenes (Stuart 36). A naturalistic painting may show Saint Peter as tall and powerful, completely in perspective with his environment, but an icon will depict him in an unrealistic-looking but completely symbolic and explanatory setting. Icons may be placed in any location, such as a home or shop, but the central location where they are situated is, of course, the church. When one enters an Orthodox church, immediately noticeable is the iconostasis- a giant screen, composed of wood or marble, that supports the panel icons. On top of the iconostasis is a large cross with the figure of the crucified Christ. In Eastern Orthodoxy, there is great significance given to the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist, whose icons are placed on the iconostasis to the right and left of Christ (Cavarnos 23). In most church buildings, icons cover most of the interior. As mentioned before, each icon portrays a religious message. When all the icons are displayed, the composite of the images inside the church gives the building an entirely new symbolism. The church is, in effect, a microcosm for the universe, where the iconographic messages reveal the universal plan of eternal salvation (Stuart 38). During church services, the icons are ritually given respect. The deacon of the church wields a censer and directs it toward the icons. This indicates to the congregation that they are to contemplate the icons and understand that the saints painted on the icons are participating in the service in a similar manner as the worshippers themselves (33). Icons in the Eastern Orthodox tradition serve several primary purposes. Most apparent to outsiders is their aesthetic value. They embellish and amplify the beauty of a church. Secondly, they instruct their faithful members in matters of doctrine, many times employing symbols that effectively surpass written doctrine (Cavarnos 30). Icons also remind these members of their faith. Their powerful message serves to remind and awaken the faith of the members of the church. In almost every instance, a saint or holy figure is portrayed on the icon. This serves to set an example for the members of the Eastern Orthodox faith. The righteous individual on the icon gives them a model with which to pattern their lives. This person on the image causes the member to be stirred up in faith and righteous zeal (32). Surpassing all other purposes, the icon is a conduit for prayer and worship (Stuart 29). Each member of the congregation is allowed to light a candle, come to an icon, and make the sign of the cross. They then will reverence the icon with a kiss and say a prayer (Ugolnik 45). The Eastern Orthodox Church makes it very clear, however, that its members are not worshipping the icon, but giving it â€Å"honorable reverence.† Worship is due only to God, and the icon is a medium through which that worship may be expressed (Cavarnos 33). This worship is the ultimate fulfillment of Byzantine iconography. Even with its extensive history and stunning methods of artistry, the sacredness of the icon surpasses all aesthetic and external value. The symbolism of the holy icon is truly the center of Eastern Orthodox worship. It allows its members to transcend their visible physical reality and enter into the ultimate reality, where spiritual truth is juxtaposed with material truth (Stuart 39). It allows one to comprehend the mutual dependence of matter and spirit and truly gives a perspective of far greater significance than the visible temporal universe that one is commonly allowed. Cavarnos, Constantine. Orthodox Iconography. Belmont, Massachusetts: The Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Science, 1977. Gerhard, H.P. The World of Icons. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1971. Stuart, John. Ikons. London: Faber and Faber, 1975. Ugolnok, Anthony. The Illuminating Icon. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989. Upensky, Boris. The Semiotics of the Russian Icon. Lisse: The Peter DeRidder Press, 1976. Research Papers on The Icon of the Eastern Orthodox Church - Research PaperCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelGenetic EngineeringBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and Autumn