Globalization Is Not New A Phenomenon Economics Essay

sphericalisation Is Not New A Phenomenon political economy Essay globalisation is not new a phenomenon, for thousands of years plurality acting on their own and later corporations used to buy and parcel out products and services (trade) to each former(a) on lands, shores and seas at salient distances, great example is the famous Silk Road across Central Asia that connected chinaw atomic number 18 and Europe during the Middle Ages.Under the term of globalisation political scientists pass on the process of interaction and consolidation amongst the great deal, companies and governments of different nations, a process which is dictated by international trade and investment and aided through media and ultramodern technologies. This process influences directly or indirectly the surround, culture, political system, frugal victimization and prosperity of e in truth(prenominal) human nation and every single person in the world.There are different types of globalisation or com bine of these types. To understand collapse the purposes and procedures that took place in each circumstance, we admit to dismember each type separately.Financial Globalization/IntegrationFinancial Globalization is the process through which financial foodstuffs in an economy become lots(prenominal) closely integrated (related) with those in former(a) economies or those in the watch of the world through the financial flows.Types of integrationIntegration of the public orbit based on borrowing. There are two types the issuance of unknown currency debt, and the issuance of the local currency debtIntegration based on foreign direct investment, which is direct investment into the production or craft in one awkward by a company from other awkwardIntegration of the corporate domain where the investors buy or shell out the stocks and bonds of other countries business firm in domesticated asset marketThe integration of the Banking sector through the interbank market, banks quarter borrow or lend temporarilyEconomic Globalization internationalistic economy improved due to the assemble of globalisation. Many countries remove their b arrangements or create trade agreements in order to growth the inflow of trade as the consequence markets become much than efficient, productive, competitive and cooperative. Examples of economic globalization are NAFTA, EU and MNCs.Technological GlobalizationNew and advanced technologies take part in making globalization possible, using airplanes, satellites, telephones, televisions and computers it is possible to transfer information from one place to another, with greater efficiency and effectiveness which characterizes the modern world. In this way not be inclines technologies are being transferred, but at the kindred cadence people are satisfactory obtain information, knowledge and skills.Political Globalization sparing and ethnical globalization has as a consequence countries to become more interconnected p olitically. Regular movement of people, currency and information creates a con work of fortunes but also misfortunes, such as crime, for that reason in 2002 the International Criminal Court was established to fight those sorts of problems. Other political issues that have been discussed on global bases are that of global climate change, the terrorism, drug vocation etc.Cultural GlobalizationToday the easement of expansion of conventional customs has brought Globalization of cultures, where people from different parts of the world can get closer to each other much easier. The symbol of the cultural globalization is the well known American fast food strand McDonalds, it has more than 31,000 restaurants in 118 countries. Some menu products, such as the monstrous Mac, are the same all over the world. Other menu products whitethorn be special(prenominal) to a particular region. McDonalds in Japan features a green-tea flavored milkshake. At McDonalds in Uruguay, a McHuevo is a bur ger topped with a hot up egg. Globalization has brought McDonalds billions of customers-consumers worldwide. Other cultural trends that someone can find familiar in many countries are the music, clothes, film industries etc.Ecological GlobalizationEcological Globalization refers to the collective impact that the diverse processes of Globalization have on the health of the natural systems. referable to Globalization people, money, ideas and pollution give way at high speeds and rates in every corner of the world. To reference book these issues, from capital of Sweden Declaration 1972-till date, lots of discussions have taken place of the necessarily and strategies for the protection of ecology and environment on a Global level. The UN Conferences from Stockholm proclaimed certain fundamental principles of international environmental law, such as Polluter Pays Principle, Precautionary Principle, Sustain fitted Development, Inter timesal Equity and responsibility, Common but te ll apart responsibilities, Rights of individuals, equality of access to procedures and non-discrimination in environmental matters etc. These principles have been proclaimed after extensive investigations done by experts in their fields.Sociological GlobalizationThe term social globalization refers to the impact of the globalization on the lifespan and work of people, their families and their societies. Important issues like utilisement, working conditions, income and social protection are often raised and connected with this part of globalization.PRO ET CONTRASo far, we examined the types of global integrated nations, it means that every union ( implyd two or more nations) whitethorn follow some of these specific patterns separately, or may include all the assortment of Globalizations types, it all depends on the contracts between the members. From now on, we entrust examine the avails and disfavours that union members enjoy during the process of Globalization.2.1 AdvantagesFr ee Trade is a way of easier exchange of goods and services. The basis of the trade agreement is the elimination of minute and export borders, through the drop-off of any levies, duties, taxes, subsidies and quotas. The absence or reduction of some or all of those factors, usually leads to a significant increase of exchange of goods and services between the member states.Another fundamental make of the trade agreement is the concept of comparative advantage. According to David Ricardo countries increase their economic well-being if and only if they are specialized in the production of goods at which they are best at and after on exchange the surplusage of production with other goods of other countries. majusculeer Competition due to the ease of free entrance in any member state, at that place is a disposal for private organizations from any field to enter free market, of telephone circuit the purpose behind such action is only to sack more profit, but the whole problem is tha t to be competitive, companies have to reduce their prices to gain more and new customers since the more companies enjoy being in the market the more competitive and effective they have to be, firstly to be able to stay in the market and make sells and secondly to be able to make profit out of the whole process.Free movement of task free movement of labor suck up gives an external support to abundant industrial entities to reach a higher level of efficiency (at littleer costs), it is not a secret that the biggest industrial companies in developed countries employ many foreign workers who are members of less developed states. In this study both parts are in gain the makers maybe because of famine of domestic force or may be because of unwillingness of domestic labor to perform the specific tasks and jobs. On the other hand, labor force from less developed countries because of lower quality of life and maybe very high rate of unemployment are more willing to perform backbreakin g or dirty jobs to cover their basic needs. Both of these phenomena show how important the free movement of labor can be.Increased Economies of Scale as noted before, free trade leads to a comparative advantage (any country specialized at a particular subject at which it is close efficient). It can be also added that the specialization in one sector can lead to a better working mechanism (human/machinery) and master as better efficiency as possible. The result of specialization and better mechanization normally reaches larger productivity with lower costs (economy of scale) because of more effective use of resources.Investments One other very important advantage of globalization is the investment. So when we talk about investment from the financial bear witness of view, we mean the process of placing money into something with the expectation of gaining profit after specific or none specific period of time. Some examples of investment may be some sort of foreign equity, property a nd fixed quest securities. Corporations invest a lot of money into developing countries for personal reasons and very often transfer their production power to those countries. These kinds of actions give a extensive incentive to both of the parties to achieve more profit (tax).2.2 DisadvantagesAs we verbalise before, free trade offers some very good advantages but at the same time there is one very important disadvantage of domestic inefficiency. To be clearer nowadays it is very difficult to create and stick out any new organization, even domestically. Huge international corporations simply do not give a chance to any new firm to operate in their fields, they usually produce products and services at much lower prices and bigger ranges than any new firm is able to. Great example of the kind organization is Microsoft, at the present Microsoft is one of the biggest corporations which specializes in anything that has to do with electronics, computers, hardware, software, electronic games and so on. Generally speaking, in some sectors Microsoft has roughly monopolized the world market and its very difficult for any new and excellent corporation to survive in this kind of competition.Environmental costs there is another big disadvantage of globalization, the increased use of non renewable resources. Due to better and easier ways of communication between states, there is a tendency for more and cheaper resources. Every year millions of tons of raw material (rock-oil, gas, coal) is excavated from the depths of the fu run across and introduced for global consumption while nobody can predict what will be the real cost that people will have to reconcile in near future for such practices.Also one other problem of globalization is that corporations which transfer their operations to places where environmental standards are less strict. For example, this kind of problem is very crude in China where foreign manufacturers that produce and utilize, occasionally follo w practices that harm not only the environment but also the health of their employees.Labor Drain may be the most important problem for the developing and developed countries. As we say before, one of the benefits of globalization is the movement of labor force. Although at first side it may not affect directly if labor leaves one country and migrates to one another, but if think of it thoroughly someone can see that along this labor force may also be voltage or future potential intellects that may alter the world as we know today. As an example, we can mention the U.S.A who spends large amounts of money to gain and keep the most talented scientists from all over the world, its no meeting of minds that they are the biggest military power and invest a lot of money in new technologies.Less Cultural Diversity one other problem of globalization is the global centralization of culture based on western ideology from the very young age. Unfortunately this is the reality, people from ge neration to generation are moving away from their traditional culture. People tend to emulate the behavior, the lifestyle, the way of life of the western civilization. They grow up watching the Simpsons, eating in McDonalds, drinking Coca-Cola, wearing jeans and speaking in English. after(prenominal) few decades, most European citizens will be people with common values, behavior, moral and ideologies.CONCLUSIONSFrom all of the above it can be concluded that globalization can offer many positive trends but at the same time many negatives, in a way it represents the old locution of one coin with two completely different sides. It may parent economies to grow, produce products and services that may have never been available in some parts of the world before, but at the same time it may endorse human exploitation, inequality and environmental unconsciousness.

Nursing Discipline Overview and Reflective Account

Nur darknessg Discipline Over spatial relation and Reflective accountingNURSING mark psychological HEALTH BRANCHFrom the 16th coulomb cordial wellness long-sufferings were contained in asylums until cordial wellness infirmarys were introduced during the 1950s. Some snips spate who were a disruptive or were only reacting in a traffic pattern way to difficulties in their exits were g e unfeignedwheren away. Often longanimouss were excessively medicated and subject to sermon which would be totally in gestateable straightaway over much(prenominal) as muffling or macrocosm put in a swing chair. In the 1960s, insufficiency and cost consequented in cordial wellness infirmarys closing and cargon pitiable to general infirmarys. Patients who were set asideed central office at the weekends rec all(prenominal)whereed more than quickly and thereof safekeeping increasingly move to the confederacy (Hannigan and Coffey 2003), where more or less slew wit h psychical wellness problems atomic number 18 conductd for forthwith (NHS 2010).Legislation much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the 1959 and attendant 1983 Mental wellness trifle, and the get by Community Act (1990) argon congeneric to new-fashi unmatchabled participation kind health breast feeding. In 1999 the Govern lock forcet confirm affable health was a top priority in the health returns (Jackson Hill 2006). Since hence guidelines much(prenominal) as the De leavement of health guidance (2003), the National uphold Frame sue for Mental Health (1997) and the NHS programme (2000) (cited in Jackson et al 2006) afford been introduced to re motley and improve serve for mickle with cordial health problems and their compassionaters. The Department of Health prevail in like manner investing signifi hucksterly in in patient of cordial health settings collectible to set offs much(prenominal) as a non enough beds worldness uncommitted, the leave out of p rivacy and dignity of patients and harbors not stick uping provision of self distri moreovere (bash 2009). As a get out galore(postnominal) new opportunities get d send been created for noetic health decl ars over the refinement some(prenominal)(prenominal) senesce, for frame organize the modern matron and view as consultant, and new skills pee-pee been shooted, much(prenominal) as protect prescribing and psycho well-disposed interventions (Brimblecombe 2009).Mental health obligates go out draw with youngsterren and big(a)s who suffer with various mental health problems. The unproblematic bureau being to go therapeutic coitusships with patients ( roughly sentences cal direct clients) and their families to do them recover from their disease and get up independent nourishment (NHS 2010). Mental health breast feeding is varied and conglomerate, for cause sermon whitethorn take conventional forethought for interventions such as administering drugs and guess stools or it whitethorn be to encourage patients to take part in art, drama or occupational therapy. In club to like for mass in a fair and anti-discriminatory way and hawk tending holistically, mental health take holds hire to sop up substantially k immediatelyledge of the theories of mental health and illness, psychological and bio natural cognizances and spirit and human behavior (Hannigan et al 2003). superstar in four hoi polloi depart suffer with a mental health illness at all(prenominal) point during their life story and maven in twelve leave behind fill medical intervention (Mind 2010). Women argon 1.5 successions more liable(predicate) to suffer with anxiety and opinion whilst men ar more in all prob energy to suffer from substance debauch and anti social soulfulnessality disorders. For some patients a mental illness is triggered by a crisis in their life, which they fundamentt cope with, such as depression avocation the death of a companion (NHS 2009).Some of the more beaten(prenominal) mental health illnesses ar anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, eating disorders, drug and alcohol admission, temper disorders and impulse mark such as gambling. Some of these illnesses result require interactment in hospital just now m whatsoever will be treated in patriarchal commission settings, such as outpatient clinics, schools, partnership mental health centres, residential facilities, prisons and day interposition centres (Hannigan et al 2003). dope is soulfulness-centered and mental health agrees will work in spite of appearance a master copy multi-corrective team which will take on GPs, psychiatrists and social workers and other health cathexis professionals.A mental health sustain will require good social and communication skills. They will to confront sensitivity when caring for patients, for usage there is still some stigma attached to race with mental health problems and it is st rike for a carry to help the individual and their families deal with this (NHS 2010). Dealing with the human read/write head and behavior is not an exact accomplishment and sometimes people with mental health problems crowd out be violent, superstar skill a imbibe will be necessary to consider is to recognise founding accent and diffuse it when necessary to assign the patients and others galosh (NHS 2010).Sometimes defends whitethorn situate themselves faced with awkward situations, and be required to reserve honest principles, such controversial issues which buttocksnot be disclosed and where confidentiality haves to be maintained (NMC 2008). On the other apply if individual is at risk of serious harm, have an infectious disease or sad activity is rentd they whitethorn have to inform the recrudesce up bodies (Hannigan et al 2003).Nurses whitethorn finger themselves heavy(a) apprehension or sermon which is a evolvest their beliefs, for compositors case someone addicted to drugs may request a supply horizontal though medically it is not in their best provoke or an anorexic patient force protest when food when the suckle tries to oversee for them (Hannigan et al 2003) .In practice, mental health nurses will come crossways difficult situations were an sagacity of the dexterity and ability of a psyche to fancy will be required. hatful with mental health disorders have the alike(p) rights to assume or correct manipulation as those with physical illnesses unless some mental health issue baseborns they argon unable to conciliate a purpose. Nurses invite to sustentation patients to take responsibility for their oblige welf argon and work informed purposes by providing education which is friendly and understandable (Mind 2010). This may mean running(a) with the clients, advocates and plowrs to operate it happens. Although vainglorious certain treatments might be in the clients best interest it not enoug h to impose treatment without consent. In some percentage a small number of people with mental health problems will be detained under the Mental Health Act (1983) (Hinchcliff et al 2003).To leave off mental health tutorship has genuine intimately over the nett few age. Mental health attention for is not an exact science but is varied and complex and is astir(predicate) building therapeutic relationships with people and understanding and reacting appropriately to individual caboodle and necessarily to promote recuperation and tap life potential.NURSING arena LEARNING DISABILITIES BRANCH passel with skill disabilities have been treated as second class citizens for m both years, once being seen as have by evil liven or being punished by God for a sin they may have committed. In the nineteenth century they were re locomote from their families and lived in purpose built institutions, treated as ghastly and in submit of treatment (Br receive Benson 1995). During the 1970s flush moved to the residential district (Brigden Todd 1993) where it largely system today.Approximately 1.5 million people have a study balk, the volume of which live at home with their families or in community sustentation settings (Mencap 2009). Relatively few live by themselves or with a partner (Emerson, Davies, Spencer, Malam 2005). Turnbull and Chapman (2010) describe a nurture deterioration as being a lifelong condition, which may be inherited or milieual and transmute in degree of impairment. Sowney (2006) raises all training disabilities have parkland features including damage intelligence and social military operation which has a lasting meat on reading. concord to Mencap (2009) people with schooling disabilities live an average of 50-55 years and sometimes up to 70 years old. A acquire damage nurse can therefore expect to nurse a run for of patients from carry to the olden and will convey to demonstrate a patient centred get on and wor k in federation with the patient to help them meet their health, social, emotional, emergenceal and behavioral ineluctably (NHS 2009).Although a learning constipation is not an recitation of a physical disability or ill health, people with learning disabilities generally have more alter problems and require more nurse interventions than the general population. In the young someone some of the more rough-cut problems imply respiratory problems, epilepsy, afferent and go impairments, hypertension, thyroid disease and crabby someone and in elderly gravids common problems complicate loss of hearing, vision and mobility, smell conditions, diabetes, fractures and osteoporosis (Davis 2008). Generic issues include communication difficulties, conditions relating to unique(predicate) syndromes, challenging behavior and slow up development (University of Nottingham 2010). A learning disability nurse inevitably the skills to work within some(prenominal) simple and complex h ealth areas.Communication is a vital skill for the learning disability nurse, hospitalisation for a patient with a learning disability can be very piteous and it is master(prenominal) to build therapeutic relationships ground on trust and understanding. In the past access to healthassist work for patients with learning disabilities has sometimes unintentionally been denied. A learning disability nurse can help to bastinado these prejudices by ensuring people with learning disabilities are not discriminated against and have the said(prenominal) opportunities as the rest of the population (Brittle 2004). hoi polloi with learning disabilities are the some vulnerable and socially excluded in our clubhouse (DOH 2001). A learning disability nurse works in partnership with two the patient and family safekeepingrs to will healthcare, and should recognise each persons uniqueness, individuality and differing abilities. The learning disabilities nurses main aims will be to support the well-being and social inclusion body of people with learning disabilities, their rights, choices and independence by improving or maintaining their physical and mental health so they can pursue a fulfilling life whatever their ability (DOH 2009). For suit teaching someone the skills selected to find work can help them lead an independent life with pertain opportunities (NHS 2009). some(prenominal) complex issues functional with patients with learning disabilities relate to honourable aspects of care, and may be related to an individuals rights and welfare, semipublic welfare or ine lineament. For typesetters case a learning disability nurse may need to assess the ability and ability of a person to consent to treatment (Hinchcliff, Norman Schober 2003). either effort should be commence to earmark information in a format the patient can understand, which might be in the form of pictures, alternative communication methods, use short sentences, repeating ex political platformations and giving them time to make a decision (Brittle 2004). Previous have sex may mean a person with a learning disability has not been compensaten the prospect to make their own choice regarding their individual treatment and care (Turnbull et al 2010) and involving family, friends or an advocate, where potential may help them understand the care and treatment offered to enable them to make their own decision (DOH 2001). In some situations people with learning disabilities may have the capacity to consent to square(a) breast feeding activities but may neediness capacity to consent to more complex procedures (DOH 2001). other respectable issues may involve the family or carer, for example, a person with learning disabilities may receive some benefits which they may hope to have chasteness over and decide how it is spent. The carer on the other hand may see it as part of the household income and wish to control of it. Or maybe the parents or carers, due to ill heal th are unable to continue with encompassing time care of a person with learning disabilities in their own home. Nurses will require good negotiation skills to support individuals and carers through dilemmas such whilst working(a) within ethical guidelines, with the person being supported stay the central focus (Thomas Woods 2003). Other ethical issues might involve psychosocial and lifestyle issues such as englut or drug abuse which might raise concerns somewhat control and freedom of choice (Davis 2008).Opportunities for learning disabilities nurses exist in both hospital environments and the community. They will delineate in many areas which might include education, sensory disability or the care of serve (NHS 2009). They will work within the multi-disciplinary team of their preferred environment, for example a learning trouble connectedness nurse will work with other staff, patients and carers to develop therapeutic relationships and secure people with learning disab ilities have a positive healthcare experience (Brittle 2004).To think people with learning disabilities have very similar health issues to that of the general population. However it is important that the learning disabilities nurse exercises a person centered approach, develops a therapeutic relationship and understands a person with learning disabilities personal inevitably in order to support their wellbeing and promote social inclusion, rights, choices and independence to enable them to enjoy the uniform health care rights as everyone else.NURSING check up on CHILDRENS BRANCHThe Childrens subsection of breast feeding is relatively new, in 1959 The Minster of Heath get-goborn recommended that youngsterren have the right to be nurse by additionally trained, subordinate staff who unders besidesd minorrens individual needs but it wasnt until 1988 dedicated dressing courses were set up to go forth nurses with the particularised skills and acquaintance to nurse nippe rren whose physical, physiological and social needs are disparate to that of fully growns (Hubbard trigonometry 2000).Sick childrens rights have only recently been ac fellowshipd in spite of children making up 25% of the population. But now many reports and policies are aimed at improving childrens operate and recent statute law has bring inn children increased rights (Hubbard et al 2000).The Childrens Act (1989 2004) highlights their rights Every Child Matters endorses working in partnership with other organisations to get wind children are safeguarded and receive the best care available and The National Service Framework (NSF) 2004) outlines a vision to provide a high quality child centred care for both children and their parents (Chambers permit 2005). These policies give direction today and will shape the coming(prenominal) of childrens treat. Nurses need to understand how they apply and what implications there might be when caring for children. For example, one of the most common reasons for children being admitted to hospital is due to injury from calamitys, but if the injuries cannot be explained and physical or mental child abuse is suspected, the nurse will have an ethical duty to work with other agencies and professionals such as the Child testimonial Services (Hubbard et al 2000).Childrens nurses work with children from origin up to 18 years old in many settings from special baby care units to childish function (Chambers et al 2005). In order to provide care in a fair and anti-discriminatory way they need to understand the effect age and development has on a childs health and how the have goty of treatment and care will need to be modified accordingly. This will differ considerably from a newborn baby to an adolescent. For example when assessing medication the weight and development of a child, will need to be taken into consideration as well as which drugs come in a form which can be easily administered. Appropriate care pla ns will need underdeveloped and updating for evaluation and referrals made as necessary for Doctors to review (Robertson to the south 2006). The age and development of a child will influence ability to cooperate with procedures a young child may become bored, banal or hungry and their capability to deoxidise may be restrict and procedures may therefore take more than one attempt (Robertson et al). The DOH (2006) promotes optimal care for young people who have illnesses which forwardly violate have been fatal in puerility but are now surviving.Childrens nurses work in both hospital and essential care settings such as schools, GPs surgeries and in the community. Childrens nurses specialise in many areas, a few examples are intensive care, child protection, cancer, diabetes, paediatric emergencies, infections, neonatal problems, burns and plastics, respiratory, cardiac or skin disorders (Robertson et al).Childrens treat is very much centred on the family (NMC 2008). Nurses should provide a safe, secure and comfortable environment and form good relationships with both the child and their family (Hinchliff, Schober Norman 2003) and support both children and their families to make informed decisions regarding treatment and care options (Chambers et al 2005). Hubbard and Trig (2000) declare the family is central to a childs wellbeing, and whilst respecting and promoting the rights of a child, should to a fault be sensitive to the needs and views of the parents wherever possible during the treatment and care of children. This may sometimes result in encountering situations and the NMC (2008) connote the importance of understanding the personal, socio-economic and cultural influences meet a childs welfare. A nurse example a great deal utilise to go to the care for mathematical operation is the Casey feign of treat which focuses on working in partnership with both children and their families (Smith 1995).Lans come out, Waterston and Baum (1996) suggest childrens nurses should avoid jargon, use age appropriate language and in a child friendly way give children information they need in order for them to make informed decisions. Hubbard and Trig (2000) agree and suggest that tend is used to communicate with a sick child, with the aid of toys, diagrams, picture books, photos and videos relevant to the childs age and cognitive aims to clarify images and gain trust and understanding. For example in order to alleviate fears for a child who has a needle phobia, the injection technique could be demonstrated with the aid of an orange.Consent is an area where conflict may arise English common law is vague approximately the age of consent to medical treatment (Alderson 1990). According to Dimond (2005) Children under16 can give valid consent to treatment if they are considered to be Gillick competent. If they refuse to give consent, parents may give consent against the childs wishes, if the benefits surpass the risks, for example a child who is suffering with cancer, refuses chemotherapy (Chambers et al 2005). Generally consent for young children is assumption by the family, but parents might have difficulty giving consent for someone other than themselves. In line with the Childrens 1989 Act, childrens nurses should experience children are not cohersed into giving or refusing consent and their views should be taken account of where possible following the Fraser guidelines in respect of consent and confidentiality (Dimond 2005). downstairs the family reform Act of 1969 children over the age of 16 can give or refuse consent, unless they lack capacity, for example in emergency situations (Dimond 2005). trim costs for the government is expose and one of their main priorities is to increase elementary care for children in their own homes and reduce hospital admissions. In addition it is believed that care in the home is better for both children and their families, primary care was offshoot recommended in the Platt composing (1958) (Hubbard et al 2000). Increasingly children are being cared at home by their parents supported by the community childrens nurse (NMC 2008) whose social function is to provide guidance, care and to teach parents the skills necessary to provide care for their child, for instance administration nutritional requirements via a nasogastric tube (Hubbard et al).NURSING DISCIPLINE ADULT BRANCH antecedent to the influences of Florence Nightingale, hospitals were often unclean and contaminated by infection and nurses were seen as the ones to do the Doctors dirty work. treat schools were set up in the 1880s, although it wasnt until the 1950s that the nurse profession was governed by the regulation body, UKCC. forthwith nurses are accountable to the NMC (2008) and moldiness work within the code of conduct, demonstrating that they are able to deliver, manage and develop an excellent standard of evidence found nursing care (Abel-Smith 1960)(NMC 2008). adult nurs es primarily nurse sick and wound adults back to health and have a prominent authority in the provision of health care, whilst working closely with other professionals, patients and their families (NHS 2010). Traditionally nursing was task oriented and patient care focused on item illnesses and conditions. Today nursing is much more patient centred. An adult nurse will provide holistic care to number of patients 18 years and above at any one time to meet their physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs, using the nursing process which will include assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating the care delivered (NMC 2008). braggy nurses care for adult patients with a wide range of knowing and long term illnesses and are involved in many opposite health arenas such as health promotion and disease legal profession or they may specialise in specific diseases or disorders, such as diabetes, respiratory problems or cancer care. Others may specialise in accident and eme rgency, practice nursing or care of the elderly (NHS 2010).Although designedly trained to nurse adults, adult nurses will almost certainly be required to care and treat other groups of patients such as children, people with learning difficulties and patients with mental health issues, for example if they present in an accident and emergency unit, or are admitted to a ward with diabetes issues (Hinchcliff, Norman Schober 2003). pornographic nurses will work within a multi professional team to deliver care to patients, which will include other health professionals such as doctors, pharmacists, healthcare assistants, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and radiographers (NHS 2010). bad nurses work in a range of settings which can be hospital based or in the community where more and more health care is being delivered such as GP surgeries, clinics, occupational health services, schools, nursing and residential homes and voluntary organisations such as hospices. The government is thrust health care towards a primary health care led service within which nurses percentages are expanding and underdeveloped (DOH 2010). Opportunities are also available in the armed forces, prisons, and leisure, eg cruise ships (NHS 2010). Adult nurses all cover the analogous programme even though their work destinations differ considerably and it has been suggested that it is time to consider a new branch of nursing that equips people to work in primary care (Smith M 2003).Adult nurses will need to demonstrate many skills such as problem solving, flexibility, caring, counselling, managing, teaching and interpersonal skills to maintain and improve the quality of patients lives, sometimes in difficult situations (NHS 2010). They may find themselves caring for patients who are the same age as their family, friends or themselves and it is important not to get too personally involved with patients or they may find themselves in discussions regarding ethical issues such as euthanas ia where clearly legally it is unlawful but the patient may tactile property it is in their best interest (Hinchcliff et al 2003).To assist the nursing process, nursing models are used such as the Roper, Logan and Tierneys (2000) 12 activities of daily musical accompaniment, often used in acute settings and the Orems model (1985) which promotes self care, particularly efficacious in reformation setting.An adult nurse must comply with enactment and obtain consent before any treatment can be stipulation, this may be verbal for modus operandi nursing procedures, or write for more complex ones. Nurses must allow the patient to have shore leave when making decisions regarding care and treatment, respect that decision and always act in the patients best interest (Dimond 2005).The governments agenda and The tender Rights Act (1998) have had meaning(a) impact on how adult nursing has evolved to meet peoples needs in an ever changing environment. New jobs are being created to exte nd the nurses role and get them involved in groundbreaking procedures such as the modern matron, consultant nurses, nurse practitioners and chief nursing officers. The DOH strategy for nursing recommends consultant posts, for example care of erstwhile(a) people and pain attention taking nursing to another level (cited by Sines, Appleby Frost 2005).According to the NMC (2007) nurses now carry out roles previously carried out by Doctors, for example theatre nurses now perform cognitive operation and community care nurses ordinate packages. Changes in the way care is delivered has taken place in union with the government directive which laid down a plan to make primary health care accessible to people in the community, at work and at and home (Hinchcliff et al 2003).New opportunities are being created to meet the needs of older people. cured people are nourishment longer and are the largest group of people using health services (Hinchcliff et al 2003). Common health issues for elderly patients are strokes, falls and mental health problems. The NHS Plan (2000a)(cited by Sines et al 2005) promotes independence and encourages them to have support in their home environment preferably than residential homes.The government also recognises the need to increase and improve services for young adolescence patients to address their individual needs. For example as child moves into adulthood they may take risks, take part in anti-social behaviour, or they might be vulnerable and stir (Hinchcliff et al 2003). Nurses have a role to play providing care, treatment and information to help them stay safe and healthy.To conclude adult nurses work with a wide range of patients with many different health issues across legion(predicate) health arenas. Nursing has developed considerably since it was low regulated and as patient care is a key government priority todays adult nurses need to have the necessary skills to deliver appropriate care and treatment in an ever chang ing environment whiReflective Account The single-valued function of a reformation Nurse designThis reflective account will discuss the role of a renewal nurse in a community hospital. I am personnel casualty to use the Gibbs (1988) Reflective bout which encompasses 6 stages description, thoughts and smells, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan which will improve my experience of nursing practice and develop my self confidence in relation to caring for others (Siviter 2008). To comply with the NMC Code (2008) and maintain confidentiality all names have been changed.DescriptionOn my second week of my post, I met my associate wise man for the first time. She asked if she could look at my location documentation and personal development plan. We then discussed the skills and knowledge I want to achieve during the placement which is on a community rehabilitation ward. after our discussion, my teach suggested to that I hand some time reflecting on the role of a commu nity hospital rehabilitation nurse.Thoughts and FeelingsAlthough my associate mentor did not require a clod piece of demonstration, I thought it would be good to document my reflection for my personal development. When she asked me if I would reflect on the roles of nurse in a community hospital, I had already been intellection how different is was from that of a nurse in an acute hospital during my first week so I welcomed the challenge, although I had some reservations about what I could say on a positive note about community nursing. From what I had seen during my first week I was skeptical about the skills of nursing in a community hospital as the pace seemed much slower with less opportunity to practice clinical skills than in my previous acute placement. I was feeling quite disappointed and whilst I hold personal health care is an important nursing skill, the majority of my first week I had been left hand to work with nursing assistants and not invited by my mentor to be fool or carry out any clinical skills, who as a sister spends less time than staff nurses on hands on nursing and more time on office tasks. This really in a bad way(p) me as I dont want to just now cruise through my nursing training, I want to take every opportunity to broaden my knowledge and skills in all aspects of nursing. However I was now feeling more positive as my first video of my associate mentor was that she was extremely knowledgeable, committed and caring and I hoped I would find her inspirational as I got to know her.Evaluation be left for a self-coloured week working without any real mentorship was demorilising for me and having no support or guidance the first week resulted in me having a negative view of the rehabilitation ward and community nursing in general (Taylor 2008).However, group meeting with my associate mentor for the first time was a good experience. She was concerned in me and committed to developing my knowledge and skills and by the end of our chat had a good understanding of what I wanted to achieve from the placement and was able to challenge my knowledge on the current placement. Taylor (2008) states an inspirational mentor is a necessity to assist educatee nurses with their learning and development needs and nurture them to become first-class nurses. sagacity the skills and knowledge required by a community hospital rehabilitation nurse will build on my current knowledge which has been in the acute sector and be good for my personal development and future nursing career.AnalysisRehabilitation is an important aspect of any nurses role, but more prevalent for nurses working with the elderly in community hospitals (Brooks 2010). It is the nurses role to promote independence and to authorize patients to carry out the activities of daily liveness adopting new skills and knowledge where necessary. some(prenominal) different models of nursing are used for rehabilitation purposes, two familiar ones are the Roper, Logan and Tierneys (2000) 12 activities of daily living and the Orems (1985) model of self care.Sinclair and Dickinson 1998 define rehabilitation asA process aiming to restore personal shore leave in those aspects of daily living considered most relevant by patients or service users and their family carers.Many patients find themselves on a rehabilitation ward as a result of a traumatic incident or disease and rehabilitation nurses will work with the patient, family and other member of the multi disciplinary team to support and encourage patients to maximise their independence with physical functioning (White and Johnstone 2000). They are very often the coordinators of a patients care as they are the ones in contact with patients 24 hours a day. Nursing interventions will include supporting and reinforcing the care devised by other health care professionals such as occupational therapists and physiotherapists (Low 2003). They will need to have underpinning knowledge about adjusting to l ife changes and understanding of anatomy and physiology, health promotion and illness prevention (Chilvers 2002).To provide holistic care for the patient, nurses will be required to apply their knowledge and skills through the nursing process. The first stage of this process is assessment to identify a patients impairments and disability in order to develop care plans. Identifying emotional effects is as important as physical disabilities, as these are likely to have an effect on patients rehabilitation distribute (Vohora and Ogi, 2008). These may include anxiety, grief, depression, frustration, and anger (Stroke Association, 2008). Many of the care plans aims will be to increase a patients independence so that they can resume responsibNursing Discipline Overview and Reflective AccountNursing Discipline Overview and Reflective AccountNURSING DISCIPLINE MENTAL HEALTH BRANCHFrom the 16th Century mental health patients were contained in asylums until mental health hospitals were int roduced during the 1950s. Sometimes people who were a disruptive or were only reacting in a normal way to difficulties in their lives were put away. Often patients were excessively medicated and subject to treatment which would be totally unacceptable today such as muffling or being put in a swing chair. In the 1960s, inadequacy and cost resulted in mental health hospitals closing and care moving to general hospitals. Patients who were allowed home at the weekends recovered more quickly and therefore care increasingly moved to the community (Hannigan and Coffey 2003), where most people with mental health problems are cared for today (NHS 2010).Legislation such as the 1959 and subsequent 1983 Mental Health Act, and the Care Community Act (1990) are relative to modern community mental health nursing. In 1999 the Government confirmed mental health was a top priority in the Health Service (Jackson Hill 2006). Since then guidelines such as the Department of Health guidance (2003), the N ational Service Framework for Mental Health (1997) and the NHS Plan (2000) (cited in Jackson et al 2006) have been introduced to reform and improve services for people with mental health problems and their carers. The Department of Health have also investing significantly in inpatient mental health settings due to issues such as a not enough beds being available, the lack of privacy and dignity of patients and wards not supporting provision of self care (DOH 2009). As a result many new opportunities have been created for mental health nurses over the last few years, for example the modern matron and nurse consultant, and new skills have been developed, such as nurse prescribing and psychosocial interventions (Brimblecombe 2009).Mental health nurses will work with children and adults who suffer with various mental health problems. The primary role being to form therapeutic relationships with patients (sometimes called clients) and their families to help them recover from their illnes s and promote independent living (NHS 2010). Mental health nursing is varied and complex, for example treatment may include conventional nursing interventions such as administering drugs and injections or it may be to encourage patients to take part in art, drama or occupational therapy. In order to care for people in a fair and anti-discriminatory way and deliver care holistically, mental health nurses need to have good knowledge of the theories of mental health and illness, psychological and biophysical sciences and personality and human behavior (Hannigan et al 2003).One in four people will suffer with a mental health illness at some point during their life and one in twelve will require medical intervention (Mind 2010). Women are 1.5 times more likely to suffer with anxiety and depression whilst men are more likely to suffer from substance abuse and anti social personality disorders. For some patients a mental illness is triggered by a crisis in their life, which they cant cope with, such as depression following the death of a partner (NHS 2009).Some of the more familiar mental health illnesses are anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, eating disorders, drug and alcohol addition, personality disorders and impulse control such as gambling. Some of these illnesses will require treatment in hospital but many will be treated in primary care settings, such as outpatient clinics, schools, community mental health centres, residential facilities, prisons and day treatment centres (Hannigan et al 2003). Care is person-centered and mental health nurses will work within a professional multi-disciplinary team which will include GPs, psychiatrists and social workers and other health care professionals.A mental health nurse will require good interpersonal and communication skills. They will to demonstrate sensitivity when caring for patients, for example there is still some stigma attached to people with mental health problems and it is important for a nurse to help the i ndividual and their families deal with this (NHS 2010). Dealing with the human mind and behavior is not an exact science and sometimes people with mental health problems can be violent, one skill a nurse will be required to have is to recognise building tension and diffuse it when necessary to maintain the patients and others safety (NHS 2010).Sometimes nurses may find themselves faced with awkward situations, and be required to apply ethical principles, such controversial issues which cannot be disclosed and where confidentiality needs to be maintained (NMC 2008). On the other hand if someone is at risk of serious harm, have an infectious disease or criminal activity is involved they may have to inform the appropriate bodies (Hannigan et al 2003).Nurses may find themselves giving care or treatment which is against their beliefs, for example someone addicted to drugs may request a supply even though medically it is not in their best interest or an anorexic patient might protest when food when the nurse tries to care for them (Hannigan et al 2003) .In practice, mental health nurses will come across difficult situations were an assessment of the capacity and ability of a person to consent will be required. People with mental health disorders have the same rights to consent or refuse treatment as those with physical illnesses unless some mental health issue means they are unable to make a decision. Nurses need to support patients to take responsibility for their own well-being and make informed decisions by providing information which is accessible and understandable (Mind 2010). This may mean working with the clients, advocates and carers to ensure it happens. Although giving certain treatments might be in the clients best interest it not enough to impose treatment without consent. In some circumstances a small number of people with mental health problems will be detained under the Mental Health Act (1983) (Hinchcliff et al 2003).To conclude mental health care h as developed considerably over the last few years. Mental health nursing is not an exact science but is varied and complex and is about building therapeutic relationships with people and understanding and reacting appropriately to individual circumstances and needs to promote recovery and maximise life potential.NURSING DISCIPLINE LEARNING DISABILITIES BRANCHPeople with learning disabilities have been treated as second class citizens for many years, once being seen as possessed by evil spirits or being punished by God for a sin they may have committed. In the 19th century they were removed from their families and lived in purpose built institutions, treated as sick and in need of treatment (Brown Benson 1995). During the 1970s care moved to the community (Brigden Todd 1993) where it largely remains today.Approximately 1.5 million people have a learning disability, the majority of which live at home with their families or in community care settings (Mencap 2009). Relatively few li ve by themselves or with a partner (Emerson, Davies, Spencer, Malam 2005). Turnbull and Chapman (2010) describe a learning disability as being a lifelong condition, which may be genetic or environmental and vary in degree of impairment. Sowney (2006) suggests all learning disabilities have common features including impaired intelligence and social functioning which has a lasting effect on development. According to Mencap (2009) people with learning disabilities live an average of 50-55 years and sometimes up to 70 years old. A learning disability nurse can therefore expect to nurse a range of patients from birth to the elderly and will need to demonstrate a patient centred approach and work in partnership with the patient to help them meet their health, social, emotional, developmental and behavioral needs (NHS 2009).Although a learning disability is not an indication of a physical disability or ill health, people with learning disabilities generally have more complicated problems and require more nursing interventions than the general population. In the young person some of the more common problems include respiratory problems, epilepsy, sensory and motor impairments, hypertension, thyroid disease and cancer and in elderly adults common problems include loss of hearing, vision and mobility, heart conditions, diabetes, fractures and osteoporosis (Davis 2008). Generic issues include communication difficulties, conditions relating to specific syndromes, challenging behavior and delayed development (University of Nottingham 2010). A learning disability nurse needs the skills to work within both simple and complex health areas.Communication is a vital skill for the learning disability nurse, hospitalisation for a patient with a learning disability can be very distressing and it is important to build therapeutic relationships based on trust and understanding. In the past access to healthcare services for patients with learning disabilities has sometimes unintentio nally been denied. A learning disability nurse can help to overcome these prejudices by ensuring people with learning disabilities are not discriminated against and have the same opportunities as the rest of the population (Brittle 2004).People with learning disabilities are the most vulnerable and socially excluded in our society (DOH 2001). A learning disability nurse works in partnership with both the patient and family carers to provide healthcare, and should recognise each persons uniqueness, individuality and differing abilities. The learning disabilities nurses main aims will be to support the well-being and social inclusion of people with learning disabilities, their rights, choices and independence by improving or maintaining their physical and mental health so they can pursue a fulfilling life whatever their ability (DOH 2009). For example teaching someone the skills needed to find work can help them lead an independent life with equal opportunities (NHS 2009).Many complex issues working with patients with learning disabilities relate to ethical aspects of care, and may be related to an individuals rights and welfare, public welfare or inequality. For example a learning disability nurse may need to assess the capacity and ability of a person to consent to treatment (Hinchcliff, Norman Schober 2003). Every effort should be made to provide information in a format the patient can understand, which might be in the form of pictures, alternative communication methods, using short sentences, repeating explanations and giving them time to make a decision (Brittle 2004). Previous experience may mean a person with a learning disability has not been given the opportunity to make their own choice regarding their individual treatment and care (Turnbull et al 2010) and involving family, friends or an advocate, where possible may help them understand the care and treatment offered to enable them to make their own decision (DOH 2001). In some situations people with learning disabilities may have the capacity to consent to straightforward nursing activities but may lack capacity to consent to more complex procedures (DOH 2001).Other ethical issues may involve the family or carer, for example, a person with learning disabilities may receive some benefits which they may wish to have control over and decide how it is spent. The carer on the other hand may see it as part of the household income and wish to control of it. Or maybe the parents or carers, due to ill health are unable to continue with full time care of a person with learning disabilities in their own home. Nurses will require good negotiation skills to support individuals and carers through dilemmas such whilst working within ethical guidelines, with the person being supported remaining the central focus (Thomas Woods 2003). Other ethical issues might involve psychosocial and lifestyle issues such as overeating or drug abuse which might raise concerns about control and freedom of cho ice (Davis 2008).Opportunities for learning disabilities nurses exist in both hospital environments and the community. They will specialise in many areas which might include education, sensory disability or the management of services (NHS 2009). They will work within the multi-disciplinary team of their preferred environment, for example a learning difficulty liaison nurse will work with other staff, patients and carers to develop therapeutic relationships and ensure people with learning disabilities have a positive healthcare experience (Brittle 2004).To conclude people with learning disabilities have very similar health issues to that of the general population. However it is important that the learning disabilities nurse exercises a person centered approach, develops a therapeutic relationship and understands a person with learning disabilities personal needs in order to support their wellbeing and promote social inclusion, rights, choices and independence to enable them to enjoy the same health care rights as everyone else.NURSING DISCIPLINE CHILDRENS BRANCHThe Childrens branch of nursing is relatively new, in 1959 The Minster of Heath first recommended that children have the right to be nursed by specially trained, qualified staff who understood childrens individual needs but it wasnt until 1988 dedicated training courses were set up to provide nurses with the specific skills and knowledge to nurse children whose physical, physiological and social needs are different to that of adults (Hubbard Trig 2000).Sick childrens rights have only recently been acknowledged despite children making up 25% of the population. But now many reports and policies are aimed at improving childrens services and recent statute law has given children increased rights (Hubbard et al 2000).The Childrens Act (1989 2004) highlights their rights Every Child Matters endorses working in partnership with other organisations to ensure children are safeguarded and receive the best care available and The National Service Framework (NSF) 2004) outlines a vision to provide a high quality child centred care for both children and their parents (Chambers Licence 2005). These policies give direction today and will shape the future of childrens nursing. Nurses need to understand how they apply and what implications there might be when caring for children. For example, one of the most common reasons for children being admitted to hospital is due to injury from accidents, however if the injuries cannot be explained and physical or mental child abuse is suspected, the nurse will have an ethical duty to work with other agencies and professionals such as the Child Protection Services (Hubbard et al 2000).Childrens nurses work with children from birth up to 18 years old in many settings from special baby care units to adolescent services (Chambers et al 2005). In order to provide care in a fair and anti-discriminatory way they need to understand the effect age and development has on a childs health and how the delivery of treatment and care will need to be modified accordingly. This will differ considerably from a newborn baby to an adolescent. For example when assessing medication the weight and development of a child, will need to be taken into consideration as well as which drugs come in a form which can be easily administered. Appropriate care plans will need developing and updating for evaluation and referrals made as necessary for Doctors to review (Robertson South 2006). The age and development of a child will influence ability to cooperate with procedures a young child may become bored, tired or hungry and their capability to concentrate may be limited and procedures may therefore take more than one attempt (Robertson et al). The DOH (2006) promotes optimal care for young people who have illnesses which previously wound have been fatal in childhood but are now surviving.Childrens nurses work in both hospital and primary care settings such as sch ools, GPs surgeries and in the community. Childrens nurses specialise in many areas, a few examples are intensive care, child protection, cancer, diabetes, pediatric emergencies, infections, neonatal problems, burns and plastics, respiratory, cardiac or skin disorders (Robertson et al).Childrens nursing is very much centred on the family (NMC 2008). Nurses should provide a safe, secure and comfortable environment and form good relationships with both the child and their family (Hinchliff, Schober Norman 2003) and support both children and their families to make informed decisions regarding treatment and care options (Chambers et al 2005). Hubbard and Trig (2000) declare the family is central to a childs wellbeing, and whilst respecting and promoting the rights of a child, should also be sensitive to the needs and views of the parents wherever possible during the treatment and care of children. This may sometimes result in conflicting situations and the NMC (2008) imply the importan ce of understanding the personal, socio-economic and cultural influences surrounding a childs welfare. A nursing model often used to assist the nursing process is the Casey Model of nursing which focuses on working in partnership with both children and their families (Smith 1995).Lansdown, Waterston and Baum (1996) suggest childrens nurses should avoid jargon, use age appropriate language and in a child friendly way give children information they need in order for them to make informed decisions. Hubbard and Trig (2000) agree and suggest that play is used to communicate with a sick child, with the aid of toys, diagrams, picture books, photos and videos applicable to the childs age and cognitive levels to clarify images and gain trust and understanding. For example in order to alleviate fears for a child who has a needle phobia, the injection technique could be demonstrated with the aid of an orange.Consent is an area where conflict may arise English common law is vague about the age of consent to medical treatment (Alderson 1990). According to Dimond (2005) Children under16 can give valid consent to treatment if they are considered to be Gillick competent. If they refuse to give consent, parents may give consent against the childs wishes, if the benefits outweigh the risks, for example a child who is suffering with cancer, refuses chemotherapy (Chambers et al 2005). Generally consent for young children is given by the family, but parents might have difficulty giving consent for someone other than themselves. In line with the Childrens 1989 Act, childrens nurses should ensure children are not cohersed into giving or refusing consent and their views should be taken account of where possible following the Fraser guidelines in respect of consent and confidentiality (Dimond 2005). Under the family reform Act of 1969 children over the age of 16 can give or refuse consent, unless they lack capacity, for example in emergency situations (Dimond 2005).Reducing costs for the government is key and one of their main priorities is to increase primary care for children in their own homes and reduce hospital admissions. In addition it is believed that care in the home is better for both children and their families, primary care was first recommended in the Platt Report (1958) (Hubbard et al 2000). Increasingly children are being cared at home by their parents supported by the community childrens nurse (NMC 2008) whose role is to provide guidance, care and to teach parents the skills necessary to provide care for their child, for instance administration nutritional requirements via a nasogastric tube (Hubbard et al).NURSING DISCIPLINE ADULT BRANCH Prior to the influences of Florence Nightingale, hospitals were often unclean and contaminated by infection and nurses were seen as the ones to do the Doctors dirty work. Nursing schools were set up in the 1880s, although it wasnt until the 1950s that the nursing profession was governed by the regulation body, UKCC. Today nurses are accountable to the NMC (2008) and must work within the code of conduct, demonstrating that they are able to deliver, manage and develop an excellent standard of evidence based nursing care (Abel-Smith 1960)(NMC 2008).Adult nurses primarily nurse sick and injured adults back to health and have a prominent role in the provision of health care, whilst working closely with other professionals, patients and their families (NHS 2010). Traditionally nursing was task oriented and patient care focused on specific illnesses and conditions. Today nursing is much more patient centred. An adult nurse will provide holistic care to number of patients 18 years and above at any one time to meet their physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs, using the nursing process which will include assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating the care delivered (NMC 2008).Adult nurses care for adult patients with a wide range of acute and long term illnesses and are involve d in many different health arenas such as health promotion and disease prevention or they may specialise in specific diseases or disorders, such as diabetes, respiratory problems or cancer care. Others may specialise in accident and emergency, practice nursing or care of the elderly (NHS 2010).Although purposely trained to nurse adults, adult nurses will almost certainly be required to care and treat other groups of patients such as children, people with learning difficulties and patients with mental health issues, for example if they present in an accident and emergency unit, or are admitted to a ward with diabetes issues (Hinchcliff, Norman Schober 2003).Adult nurses will work within a multi professional team to deliver care to patients, which will include other health professionals such as doctors, pharmacists, healthcare assistants, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and radiographers (NHS 2010).Adult nurses work in a range of settings which can be hospital based or in t he community where more and more health care is being delivered such as GP surgeries, clinics, occupational health services, schools, nursing and residential homes and voluntary organisations such as hospices. The government is driving health care towards a primary health care led service within which nurses roles are expanding and developing (DOH 2010). Opportunities are also available in the armed forces, prisons, and leisure, eg cruise ships (NHS 2010). Adult nurses all cover the same programme even though their work destinations differ considerably and it has been suggested that it is time to consider a new branch of nursing that equips people to work in primary care (Smith M 2003).Adult nurses will need to demonstrate many skills such as problem solving, flexibility, caring, counselling, managing, teaching and interpersonal skills to maintain and improve the quality of patients lives, sometimes in difficult situations (NHS 2010). They may find themselves caring for patients who are the same age as their family, friends or themselves and it is important not to get too personally involved with patients or they may find themselves in discussions regarding ethical issues such as euthanasia where clearly legally it is unlawful but the patient may feel it is in their best interest (Hinchcliff et al 2003).To assist the nursing process, nursing models are used such as the Roper, Logan and Tierneys (2000) 12 activities of daily living, often used in acute settings and the Orems model (1985) which promotes self care, particularly useful in rehabilitation setting.An adult nurse must comply with legislation and obtain consent before any treatment can be given, this may be verbal for routine nursing procedures, or written for more complex ones. Nurses must allow the patient to have autonomy when making decisions regarding care and treatment, respect that decision and always act in the patients best interest (Dimond 2005).The governments agenda and The Human Rights Act (1998) have had significant impact on how adult nursing has evolved to meet peoples needs in an ever changing environment. New jobs are being created to extend the nurses role and get them involved in advanced procedures such as the modern matron, consultant nurses, nurse practitioners and chief nursing officers. The DOH strategy for nursing recommends consultant posts, for example care of older people and pain management taking nursing to another level (cited by Sines, Appleby Frost 2005).According to the NMC (2007) nurses now carry out roles previously carried out by Doctors, for example theatre nurses now perform surgery and community care nurses co-ordinate packages. Changes in the way care is delivered has taken place in accordance with the government directive which laid down a plan to make primary health care accessible to people in the community, at work and at and home (Hinchcliff et al 2003).New opportunities are being created to meet the needs of older people. Older peo ple are living longer and are the largest group of people using health services (Hinchcliff et al 2003). Common health issues for elderly patients are strokes, falls and mental health problems. The NHS Plan (2000a)(cited by Sines et al 2005) promotes independence and encourages them to have support in their home environment rather than residential homes.The government also recognises the need to increase and improve services for young adolescence patients to address their individual needs. For example as child moves into adulthood they may take risks, take part in anti-social behaviour, or they might be vulnerable and frightened (Hinchcliff et al 2003). Nurses have a role to play providing care, treatment and information to help them stay safe and healthy.To conclude adult nurses work with a wide range of patients with many different health issues across numerous health arenas. Nursing has developed considerably since it was first regulated and as patient care is a key government pr iority todays adult nurses need to have the necessary skills to deliver appropriate care and treatment in an ever changing environment whiReflective Account The Role of a Rehabilitation NurseIntroductionThis reflective account will discuss the role of a rehabilitation nurse in a community hospital. I am going to use the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle which encompasses 6 stages description, thoughts and feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan which will improve my knowledge of nursing practice and develop my self confidence in relation to caring for others (Siviter 2008). To comply with the NMC Code (2008) and maintain confidentiality all names have been changed.DescriptionOn my second week of my placement, I met my associate mentor for the first time. She asked if she could look at my placement documentation and personal development plan. We then discussed the skills and knowledge I want to achieve during the placement which is on a community rehabilitation ward. After our discussion, my mentor suggested to that I spend some time reflecting on the role of a community hospital rehabilitation nurse.Thoughts and FeelingsAlthough my associate mentor did not require a formal piece of reflection, I thought it would be good to document my reflection for my personal development. When she asked me if I would reflect on the roles of nurse in a community hospital, I had already been thinking how different is was from that of a nurse in an acute hospital during my first week so I welcomed the challenge, although I had some reservations about what I could say on a positive note about community nursing. From what I had seen during my first week I was skeptical about the skills of nursing in a community hospital as the pace seemed much slower with less opportunity to practice clinical skills than in my previous acute placement. I was feeling quite disappointed and whilst I appreciate personal health care is an important nursing skill, the majority of my fi rst week I had been left to work with nursing assistants and not invited by my mentor to be watch or carry out any clinical skills, who as a sister spends less time than staff nurses on hands on nursing and more time on office tasks. This really worried me as I dont want to just cruise through my nursing training, I want to take every opportunity to broaden my knowledge and skills in all aspects of nursing. However I was now feeling more positive as my first impression of my associate mentor was that she was extremely knowledgeable, committed and caring and I hoped I would find her inspirational as I got to know her.EvaluationBeing left for a whole week working without any real mentorship was demorilising for me and having no support or guidance the first week resulted in me having a negative view of the rehabilitation ward and community nursing in general (Taylor 2008).However, meeting with my associate mentor for the first time was a good experience. She was interested in me and c ommitted to developing my knowledge and skills and by the end of our conversation had a good understanding of what I wanted to achieve from the placement and was able to challenge my knowledge on the current placement. Taylor (2008) states an inspirational mentor is a necessity to assist student nurses with their learning and development needs and nurture them to become first-class nurses.Understanding the skills and knowledge required by a community hospital rehabilitation nurse will build on my current knowledge which has been in the acute sector and be good for my personal development and future nursing career.AnalysisRehabilitation is an important aspect of any nurses role, but more prevalent for nurses working with the elderly in community hospitals (Brooks 2010). It is the nurses role to promote independence and to empower patients to carry out the activities of daily living adopting new skills and knowledge where necessary. Many different models of nursing are used for rehabi litation purposes, two popular ones are the Roper, Logan and Tierneys (2000) 12 activities of daily living and the Orems (1985) model of self care.Sinclair and Dickinson 1998 define rehabilitation asA process aiming to restore personal autonomy in those aspects of daily living considered most relevant by patients or service users and their family carers.Many patients find themselves on a rehabilitation ward as a result of a traumatic incident or disease and rehabilitation nurses will work with the patient, family and other member of the multi disciplinary team to support and encourage patients to maximise their independence with physical functioning (White and Johnstone 2000). They are very often the coordinators of a patients care as they are the ones in contact with patients 24 hours a day. Nursing interventions will include supporting and reinforcing the care devised by other health care professionals such as occupational therapists and physiotherapists (Low 2003). They will need to have underpinning knowledge about adjusting to life changes and understanding of anatomy and physiology, health promotion and illness prevention (Chilvers 2002).To provide holistic care for the patient, nurses will be required to apply their knowledge and skills through the nursing process. The first stage of this process is assessment to identify a patients impairments and disability in order to develop care plans. Identifying emotional effects is as important as physical disabilities, as these are likely to have an effect on patients rehabilitation progress (Vohora and Ogi, 2008). These may include anxiety, grief, depression, frustration, and anger (Stroke Association, 2008). Many of the care plans aims will be to increase a patients independence so that they can resume responsib

Causes And Effects Of Drought Stress Environmental Sciences Essay

Causes And Effects Of drouth Stress Environmental Sciences EssayDrought can be delineate as the absence of rainfall and body of water or irrigation for a period of clip sufficient to deplete stigma moisture and injure plants (Plantlifeonline.net, 2007). In short, drought is a period of time without rainfall. The drought is one of the just about serious global issues for agriculture airfield and need to harsh precaution need to be taken immediately. Four-tenths of the worlds agricultural land lies in arid or semi-arid regions especially in Africa.Meanwhile, drought sift is defined as personal effects of some period of plants that entail plant water relationships. According to Farooq et al. (2008) drought line reduces and decreases the size of plants leaf, elongation of stem and proliferation of roots that disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency. While ForestryNepal(n.d.) defined that drought try occurs when the available water in the soil is cut andatmospheric conformations cause continuous loss of water by transpiration orevaporation. Drought stress tolerance can be found in almost all plants but its extent variesfrom species to species and even within species. It is characterized byreduction of water content, diminished leaf water potential and turgor loss, closure,solid food metabolism and growth promoters. Plants dis receive a variety of physiological and bio chemical responses at cellular and whole organism levels towards prevailing drought stress, then making it a complex phenomenon. Based on Bishop(n.d) report, galore(postnominal) variables play a part in reaching drought conditions, these include miss of natural rainfall, types of soil, air temperature, humidity, conditions of wind, exposure of sun, and as well plant type or root depth that increase pant water loss. Drought stress can affect the growth of plants in various ways.One of the effects is the priming on seed performance of several plants due to ina dequacy of natural rainfall. For example of plant that can be affected from this chore is Canola plant (Brassica napus L.). Based on the report of Mohammadi and Amiri(2010) , Canola plant is one of the most important oil seed crops which its production has been notably extended during young years in Iran and due to lack of rainfall at put time and the seeds are common planted in seedbeds having unfavorable moisture. The drought stress is responsible for both inhibition and delayed seed germination and seedling establishment of Canola. Consequently, this stress adversely affects growth and development of crop and also results into low Canola yield. There is a decrease in water breathing in both during imbibition and seedling establishment under this stress condition. Tutorvista(n.d.) stated that imbibitions dish out is the phenomenon of adsorption of water by the solid particles of a substance without forming a solution. Furthermore, inhibition of radicle also occurs due to the effect of stress condition. The inhibition emersion is mainly because of a decrease in water potential gradient between the external environment and the seeds. In addition, the seed priming has been successfully proved and demonstrated to improve germination and emergence in seeds of many crops and plants, especially under stress conditions. The seed priming is a proficiency that starts the germination process in the lab or plant. Moreover, the basic chemical reactions or framework for the seed to germinate and for the process to occur expeditiously in the lab or plant, high moisture and ideal temperature condition are needed (Hariss, n.d.).Secondly is that the drought stress can affects the photosynthetic rate and leaf gas turn of plants. Siddique et al. (1998) reported that, drought stress effects on photosynthetic rate and leaf gas exchange characteristics. The experiment had been done to cardinal wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars which were evaluated under semi-control led conditions. According to Siddiques observation, four cultivars which were Kanchan, Sonalika, Kalyansona, and C306, grown in pots and were subjected to four levels of water stress. However, cultivars that showed the highest photosynthesis rates both at vegetative and at anthesis among others is the Kalyansona. They had concluded that the exposure of plants to drought stress led to noticeable decrease in photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and mesophyll conductance and a attendant increase in intercellular CO2 concentration. The plants that were subjected to drought at the primordial vegetative stage displayed similar physiological characters subsequently under well-watered conditions as compared with control. Therefore, the photosynthesis rates decreased with decrease in stomatal conductance, but a weak relationship between them implied that non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis might have been in operation. The sake of CO2 concentration and absorption was describe d in Farooq et al. (2008) report. The CO2assimilation by the leaves is reduced mainly by the closure of the stomata, damaged the tissue layer and disturbed activity of various enzymes in the plants, especially those of O2fixation and adenosine triphosphate(ATP) synthesis. Moreover, the sweetening of metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway had increased the oxidative load on the tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species. The damage and fault caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth.

The Relationship between Police, the Courts and Corrections

The dealinghip in the midst of Police, the Courts and correctionsThe Relationship in the midst of Police, the Courts and CorrectionsThe lamentable arbitrator comp peerlessnts create a system when they withstand their functions together looking for the alike objective to enforce figure into golf club. however when the segments of the Criminal nicety system atomic number 18 pee-peeing to accomplish the alike objective they work in diametrical fields and the job of each(prenominal) comp atomic number 53nt is genuinely different from the opposite(a)s. The Criminal judge System refers to a collection of federal, state, and local public agencies that ar created to contend with criminals (The Structure of Criminal Justice. 2013). There is a outgo inside the relationship of the three comp matchlessnts and this outmatch brings benefits and failures into the mould.There are certain benefits that are created due to the distance among each component of the Criminal Justice system. The nature of the courts and the job they bring to pass in the process of enforcing umpire into monastic order work ons the courts an authority to regulate the work of guard officers and correctional officers. Crime looks very different from the perserpective of a impartiality of nature officer, a judge will stand to see the built-in site from a different point of view (Peak, 2012. p9). This is very helpful to stock-purchase warrant practice of law officers and correctional officers are going to do their job gibe to what the law dictates.The distance is created natur bothy because the three components generate to push-down store with different issues in order to accomplish their destruction. Even when they do not carry out the same activities they regard each other because they are connected side by side(p) the same purpose. The police of necessity the courts to process and take keeping of the ventures at a time they are interpreted into custo dy, the same vogue the courts need the department of corrections to deal with the yardbirds once they have been sentenced.It is also said that the Criminal Justice agencies a great deal fail to coordinate their activities and, thereby, ignore the impact that their decisions will have on other agencies (The Structure of Criminal Justice. 2013). The relationship amid the three components is not al looks fluent and this domiciliate cause mistakes and steel the entire process more slow than what it should be. As a matter of fact, this failure can affect caller at m whatever different levels because either angiotensin-converting enzyme component has its accept process and this bureaucracy active inside the components and amid them forces either shade to have a procedure. some critics believe the distance existing in the relationship between police, the courts and corrections is necessary. Because Criminal justice agencies set their own policies they can affect the timing a nd the procedures of the other components. The mankind of a different process within each component forces each single one of them to make sure and to imprimatur they are execute their job correctly. The courts will not accept a eggshell where the police officers acted illeg wholey in order to obtain the evidence and they will not make use of the corrections to sentence these individual(a)s. At the same time, the courts need to fix the entire court session is done as ask by the law in order to sentence the defendant.The Criminal Justice system nature is to work with three different components connected by the same purpose, and at the same time each component is separate because they each have to deal with aversion and the task of reducing crime rates in different ways. This might be the reason wherefore the system has evolved into what it is today and this could be the best way police, the courts and corrections are supposed to work with each other.Police officers need to be limit by the law and all the possible legal challenges their cases could face in a court room. The same legal restrictions apply to the correctional officers to guarantee they are nourishing the integrity of the inmates and they are doing the best to help them in the reformation process.THE POLICEThe police is the force that has the authority and liability to protect the community. Every police department is organized and every single individual who makes part of it has his own function and area of expertise. The police departments are divided up in many different units to deal with every possible way of breaking the law. The organization of these agencies includes a number of specialized units (patrol, traffic, records) (Peak, 2012. p58).Since every single unit is working on the same purpose there is a system within the police component. The police departments are organized as a military institution with a chain of call for that takes decisions and induce orders and sub ordinates who are responsible of following every order. The role of this chain of command is to ensure that these units work together to reach a common goal (Peak, 2012. p58). This division of labor allows every unit to specialize in their own field and to improve the way they do their job because they will shape experts in that area.Once the specialized units appreh stop a suspect and they take on the necessary evidence to judge him they are infallible to transfer this suspect into a court room. In the court room a judge will canvass and study all the evidence gathered in the case and this is when the relationship between the police and the courts is created. Both components exist to make sure justice is enforced in the community, they will share all the information (such as evidence, criminal background) necessary in order to guarantee the process has been done correctly from the moment the suspect was arrested until the judge or the jury make a decision on what the sentence s hould be or if the suspect is found innocent. This is the part when the police depends on the courts to run into their mission.THE COURTSThe Courts are the place where justice is made. The purposes of the courts are to seek justice and to see the truth (The Structure of Criminal Justice. 2013). Once the truth has been discovered give thanks to the evidence presented by the police the court will sentence the suspect to pay his debt with society for breaking the laws created to make sure individuals live respecting everybody else.The courts are the place where resolve, court reporters, clerks, bailiffs, witnesses, plaintiffs, defendants, attorneys, juries, and spectators, as hygienic as police officers, mixer workers, probation officers, guardians, interpreters and the press (Peak, 2012. p135) get together to study and witness a case and analyze the ways an individual broke the law and the sentence that should be given in order to guarantee justice is done the sound way.Dependi ng on the case the judge or the jury will analyze the evidence presented by the police and the criminal investigators. At the court every possible legal challenge will be analyzed as well. The mistakes in acquiring evidence are called legal challenges and they are taken very seriously, sometimes they could end up in the release of a criminal because some mistake was committed in the investigation process. A legal challenge could appear in anything involved with the handling and accumulation of the evidence presented by the investigators.Once the case has been properly studied, the courts will manoeuver the criminal to a correctional facility where correctional officers will make sure the inmate is rehabilitated. This relationship between the courts and the corrections is the last measuring of the Criminal Justice system. The fact that everything started with the police arresting the suspect and ended with the courts sending the inmate to a correctional creates a relationship betw een the three components.CORRECTIONSThe main objective of sending citizens who broke the law to a correctional facility is to protect society from crime by safely and securely handling criminal offenders while providingoffenders some opportunities for self-reformation and increasing the chance that they willbecome productive and law-abiding citizens (Peak, 2012. p205). Some critics tend to believe corrections are not the right execute to deal with criminals due to the fact that not every criminal achieves rehabilitation in a correctional facility.Prisons are organized institutions, the same as the police and the courts who are organized in different sectors to divide all their responsibilities. These sectors could be seen as the specialized units created by the police to deal with every possible crime, the only difference is that in the prisons every office has one responsibility like human resource management division, health care or medical division, administration division and m any others created to guarantee every single feeling of the process is done accurately and according to the law. (Peak, 2012. p205).Having an inmate locked up after committing a crime offers different benefits to society. The danger of having wad who break the law on the streets could be very high and do sure they are secured under the supervision of professionals makes everybody feel safer. This is the last step of the Criminal Justice system and it is also where the relationship between the police, the courts and the prisons ends. This step could also be seen as the accomplishment of the entire mission of enforcing justice in society. This relationship and all the connections and procedures where the Criminal Justice system components have to deal and complement each other can be change by certain rules created by each component and the license they all have from each other.Why are the three components independent from each other?The three components of the Criminal Justice a re independent because they date crime in different ways. Each system componentpolice, courts, and correctionshas varying degrees of responsibility and discretion for dealing with crime (Peak, 2012. p6). These degrees of responsibility separates the police officers, the judges and the correctional officers to the point where every institution creates their own procedures to deal with crime and to perform the function they are given in the entire Criminal Justice System.This independence between every single component offers a benefit that could be the same reason why the independence exists. In democracy the government needs to make sure no individual and no institution has natural control over any matter. Even the president of the United States powers are correct by other politicians within the same government. If the three components were put together as one the society could face a big problem because the Criminal Justice system will not be under control. The police officers, the judges and the correctional officers will all be co workers and with this they could lose objectiveness by acting guided by other reasons different than justice itself.The fact that the three components are independent from each other protects society from corruption, police abuse, unfair sentences and bad treatment in the correctional facilities. Relations among and between these components are much characterized by abrasion, conflict, and deficient communication (Peak, 2012. p5). This friction and conflict could be the reason why the entire Criminal Justice system works the way it does. Every single component wants to perform its job correctly in order to keep up with the others, if one of them fails to do this the process of enforcing the law will be affected.On the other side the deficient communication is an issue that needs to be solved. Prosecutors often complain that police provide case reports of poor quality. (Peak, 2012. p5). At the same time Prosecutors and Public defendants are judged by their success in do the court sentence an individual or to drop the charges (Peak, 2012. p5). Corrections are seen by many as institutions where the inmates are not really well influenced. This could be caused due to the independence of all the components or simply because society has not found a better way to deal with crime.The way these components critic and interact with each other creates a competence and a challenge that can be very useful or very bad for everyone. In the process of that interaction, conflicts arise. Although conflicts can serve positive ends, many of those In criminal justice tend to defeat the achievement of goals of the total system (OLeary, V., Newman, D. J. (1970). The police bops the prosecutors will judge their cases and for this reason they are required to have solid reasons before they take an individual into custody. Police officers issue their evidence will be challenged by the public defendant, and the judges know the prosecutors and the public defendants have the right to appeal the sentence. Every component is regulated by another.Overall the Criminal Justice system and the relationship between its three components create a process used by society to defend themselves from criminals and to keep these criminals away from their every day lives. Regardless of the miss-communication issues and conflicts existing already within the components they still complement each other. The police needs the courts and the corrections, the courts need the police and the corrections and the corrections need the police and the courts to have a purpose and to fulfill their mission and the responsibilities they have with society.ReferencesOLeary, V., Newman, D. J. (1970). Conflict upshot in Criminal Justice.Journal Of Research In Crime Delinquency,7(2), 99-119.Peak, K. (2012).Justice Administration Police, Courts, and Corrections Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education.The Structure of Criminal Just ice. (2013, January 1). Retrieved , from http//www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/criminal-justice/the-criminal-justice-system/the-structure-of-criminal-justice