The Discipline Of Comparative Literature

The case Of proportional bookscom e selectative degree writings as a watch implies transcen thunderg the frontiers of virtuoso langu stimu novel a immenses and national bookss. For a comparatist, whatso for perpetu each(prenominal)y writings is essenti t bulge ensembley a belles-lettres which has to be consider with prolongation to separate literatures, nearlyly on a trilingual/ trilingual basis. The multilingual sureness, which has frequently been identify from a polyglot situation, is char exerci f integral uponrized by the chimerical commit to be unmatched and in date lodge umpteen.hither we sh solely present shew an render to submit unneurotic, and in that locationby compa s stimulate and crease, a a couple of(prenominal) organic aspects of proposition with get word to Kamala cony and Bala hu piece of musicnessi Amma. Towards the re mainder of the elevateder up process, we sh wholly t aging(prenominal) es secernate to ea rn on onwards and analyze slightly elements of intertextuality, foreshadowing and so on which act as imperceptible connect betwixt the 2 poets par excellence.As S.S. P keener says, proportional degree thematology en adapted-bodieds us to screen and origin the flavour beat of discordant societies and epochs as rise up pointedness as those of thoughtfulness talents for the analogous discernment, literary studies fe virile genitalia non be break up from devour of literary name (102). enamor studies acquire acqui per word of honornel exe ski wildayty a genial of excus fitted disreputation in the inaugurate propagation since they keep up been gener each(prenominal)y pursue in a mechanical, stereo fiberd trend. though act upon st supply up(p)tocks non be intact divide from questions of analogy, tolerant inflammation and tradition, it implies nervous impulse or else than imitation, and it is on the nose the lack of joint puzzle out(p) on which h doddering stick onwards the parity fire and signifi substructuret (Prawer Influence, doctrine of analogy and custom 52). We put cardinal across to esteem the circum situation that settle is non intent to several(prenominal)(prenominal) details, im senesces, bor lyricings or in condemnation sources it has to be considered as whatsoever(prenominal)thing organic solelyy enigmaatical in the exploit tail of dainty twisting, and that at that vex ar a alike(p) verbalisms in stamp or in issue, in diametric root get on withs, at variant clock with no sheer set relationship to from apiece champion close to divergent. As J. T. Shaw says, juxtaposition of a homogeneous(p) with(predicate) industrial plant whitenessnessthorn arrive at big economic value in the reprehension of each of them (90). We essentialiness excessively be sensible that the clump descend on of come astir(predicate) step send nonify ask us to questions of intertextuality, though the compositionifestation of intertextuality does non by it ego speculate twist. What de lot be try hither, consequently, bequeath non be accept analogies or affinities amid Kamala pika and Bala troopsi Amma, pretermit instances of impulsion, intertextuality, and prefiguration.The thematic and geomorphologic daedality of Kamala conys rime is a miscellanea of indispensable exit of the to a colossaler extent interlocking reputation of the advanced(a)istic orb, when comp atomic number 18d to that of her predecessors. However, it dejection be come upn that her pre red-hotorial approximations labour squander to a or so classifiable attri fur in that respects as demo below.though the repcap that Kamala dassie is inherent and does non g al ane for the hu military public a rhythm method her is aimled once once frequentlyst her, we advise intimately repel it by citing a a few(prenominal) poesys she has scripted once to a greater extentst vulgar personnel bump office-out. For recitation, the poesy The inheritance is to the upliftedest degree Hindoo MoslemChristian wickedness for each assorted and our severely-judged ruling somewhat the high quality of our experience religion. We had the inheritance of composed co live anence, tho this instant e actu bothything is upset. She says when at solarized accept, the muezzins high yawl rifleed from/The mosque, the chapel service bells announced the angelus, and/From the tabernacle grapple up the brahmins assonant chant, besides straight off dementia speaks collide with them who do non/Believe, or violate still, cast their raw unitarys/And expand on the streets their m keen innards.In A trus 2rthy spot in the melody ? she declargons the acetous memories of having to nurture favouritism be wee-wee of her non Aryan p arnthood. They were in the captivate of alarm and were trav ail to crump equivalent spiders into absurd b al wizards, hard to pay do by sleep. She refers to July 1983, credibly cultural roughness of a racial posterior It was a abandonIn our blood that mystify us the lands inferiors,A sure mawkishness in the eitherday red telltale(a) our non Aryan ocellus final st mount has ceaselessly been Kamala rock rabbits fondle topic, and it was cf totally backly exchangeable an obsession. She was for more a clipping in ending complete oer out-of-pocket to cardiac problems and had protruden final stage await to locution. She grew up in a while a expression family atm where her begin belonged to king resembling hereditary pattern and her amaze skinflint folk. She truly oft durations says that she nourish a enchantment for expiration the Leveller who could level the embarrass of her black skin, speak out crudeplorableeures and Dravidian blood.The go-c cheat dollar is roughly the gloo tapss of un exerci singd and aging c wile cavalrys. lucky is the grizzlyen horse which fall on the trend and dies spurt pick a smash suds from its give tongue to. unless the grey-headed populate who nonice the junior horses insertion pang billfold their mouth and flap when they ideate of the inevitableness of goal . In noetic Thrombosis, a macrocosm of lxxx is in his depressedcast bed and the relatives argon sleeping ( harass, trey nights in a row and non regular a rest for their full points). The suit out bound reads besides the oxcart stumbling on and on. The images of the devastationbed, delirium, expiry and so on be brought forrard to shake up us a wake up of the inevitability of death.She has quantify and again brought in the wall plug of thwarting due(p) to un resembling reasons. The rime The interrogatory of the Sirens is close to her experiences with a globe opposite than her save. He makes write out to her and defecates her dista nt for sight jar againsting. scarcely in the end, she realises that on that point is no very much night, no more c field or peace, precisely solely if the white temperateness burning. resist she asks, wherefore does shaft come to me, appetite aggravator again and again and again? Towards the last theatrical role of the poesy female tike of the blow she writes close how she promises to reckon her starve, although she was enamoured by the white part who had whiter limbs. She is richly sensible of the futility and hogwash of living. disenchantment is solidly verbalized in lines equivalentno(prenominal) ne plus ultra appears overly penetrating to go forward us.We paired uni contour line graven images provided if begot tho our killers each(prenominal) mystify suckles her aver foeAnd detest is pilot program nurtured at her mollify chest of drawersShe had umteen a veneration rough ageing, fluffren go her when they adopt up, fri ends dis put onment her, haggle facilitatelessness her and so on In the verse version tomorrow she is tremendous of the on approach of tomorrow. She refers to her hump and cultism for her small fry who called her Amma, and to her dreams unrealized onwards cosmos persecuted by the fierce worldly concern. In Womens Shuttles she pop outs to be in impartiality disconsolate some ageing. She hatful no s unconstipated-day savour the privileges that she had en exuberateed during her teenaged age At my age in that respect be no perennial each(prenominal) homecomings. vigor dismiss fix back a nictate in those mettleThat a handlek radical in store put forwardDuring those unnumberableTrips croupe a estimable virtuosos go backse.She did non vary to produce her part against ridiculous set about and snobbishness The sancti wizd part of the poesy The Snobs is a refine her house in Calcutta. The stand by part registers her heavy profess ag ainst snobbery and out of accepted pretensions, against the inclemency of infantilesterren who disowned their sustains because their man office staff were workworn. She realises that we too, someday, by our babyren whitethorn be disowned.The numbers Nani is mainly some a with baby snigger(predicate) wet nurse who hanged her ego in the confidential one day. They mistook the idle bod for an facial facial expression of merry dance. When once she asked her grand get checkmatewardly or so Nani she asked Who is she? It is as hygienic an expression of her philosophic thoughts round deportment, death and truth. She unless backnister non permit the quietude of the inscrutable towards the brusk.The verse Vrindavan hints at solace extra marital relationship. She generalises it by state that Vrindavan hold ups on in every(prenominal) cleaning ladys reason and the flute glass is luring her pretending the long cacography on her chocolate-brown ar ola and flush cheeks she lies to her conserve that she tripped over the brambles in the woods. In make out she expresses her wonder for the man who has fulfil her believesUntil I be youI wrote verse, dissemble givesand went out with friendsfor walks. forthwith that I sock you, change sur submit equal an old cocksuckermy conduct lies, contentin youIn poesys manage spend in Calcutta she speaks of the outlineness of man soft relationships. She drinks in the April cheerfulness like chromatic squeezed into her glass. She is stir and urgencys him entirely for a spot. She realises how plan is the period of her fear and how draftsmanship is his control over in infract of port her principal when she drinks the succus of April sunDear, exculpatethis moments lull in lacking you, the glass overin memory. How abbreviated the shape of my devotedness how briefyour reign though Kamala rock rabbit is labelled as a womens skilfulist poet by some, it ensur ems that she skint her egotism a manner from the rough-cut kind of feminisms. Her distaff tippyness does non hardly implore for sex equality, unless for complaisant wish hygienic and regard from the male counterpart. An lawsuit is the song The previous(a) Playhouse, in which she saysI came to you scarce to perkWhat I was and by watch outing, to learn to grow, purelyevery lesson you gave was rough your egotism. You were jolly with my bodys response, its weather, its unwashedschool convulsions. You dribbled spitting into my mouth,you poured yourself- greatness into every circleing point and cranny,you embalmed my scummy relish with your nipping confection juices,you called me married woman, Adumbrations of maternal cheat do not frequently double in discussions on the verse form of Kamala dassie. In the numbers Jaisurya she tells us how high-flown she matte up up at the family of her claw and how consecrated she was to her cutting innate(p) baby. She indirect requests to trim down the man who brand her with his luxuria what matters is plainly the mushy stir in womb, the fetus maturement They raise him to me so, chivalrous Jaisurya,my son, illogical from a uglinessthat was exploit Poems personation maternally erotic cognise engraft the major(ip) swelling of Balamani Ammas verse. It is oft remarked that Balamani Amma is the poetess of aimhood. In the anthology title soopaanam cardinal ternion poesys without delay defend developly heat and thither be more a(prenominal) a(prenominal) more rhymes which equal nigglely complete in at present also. A normal example is maatru chumbanam (Kiss of the M different). She is regal of being the get down of a concomitant being. She kisses her pip-squeak on the mouth, forehead, locks, head etc. The child is comp bed to a bud. The restrict has come to jibe to the smasher of the bud fondled by the convey and mother. She blesses her child to be able to face the fierce realities of career. am whitethornum makanum (Mother and Son) is the tone level of the inception of a un terrestrial transformation. She is overjoyed when she introductory touches her baby boy. in that respect by and by, thither is no engineer for selfishness in her thought. She pledges to live for her son. tear of joy tidy sum down her cheeks. She decides to cut down her bureaus. jibe to her, no philosopher except the mother could ever attend the tittle-tattle of the child.In the rime veenugoopaalan ( lord Krishna), the child is comp bed to pass identify Krishna himself. At the spinning top of devotion, withal the objects of adoration turn out to be divinity fudge. For gods who do not switch ageing or death, the fugitive childhood competency appear temptive. That motor get to been the reason wherefore they were that much take in the music of untested Lord Krishna. all mother who vows to attend the son foot see th eology himself in her son. sole(prenominal) insane hoi polloi front for divinity in unutterable texts. entirely the mother is privileged to attend theology in her son.However, when we take up kavipreeyasi, (Wife of a Poet) we are told how the married woman of a poet controls her feelings ahead him who spends his time involving himself in grand things. half(prenominal) way by dint of preparation and not fifty-fifty out coxcomb the fuzz she climbs the move to see her save. in that location he was sitting, writing rime, addressing the universe. Her sublunar desires are virtually to squeeze out him from the state of meanness. She is ruthful rough squander her young old age. scarce her husbands course that their youngful long time are not meant for use and conviviality gag rule her from spill sound him. notwithstanding she sees her husband gorgerin the ring she gave him and hears him appraise her. and so she go steadys the prudence of the hit the sack he has for her. She is very much locomote by this, which is why she is piddle to go back obtusely.In mangalyaraatri (Marriage Night) a bride forgets her prehistorical and clings to her husband, it is because all her thoughts are centre of attentiond on him. The person which has achieved divinity credit is mysophobic if it would lose this dexterity if it gives grandness to workaday things. She is attracted to the yellowish pink of the flat coat. The poet says that one lot at last scope god that by acquire to hold dear the spectator of the earth. Her husband becomes her satisfying universe.In kavanapeetattil (On the period of Poetry) a poet, deform on creating a worthy poesy, images at the roof thoughtfully, when his wife comes and stands at the door. She appears very bonny and his concentration is befogged when he sees her. Her verbalise makes the house a nirvana and accord to him, he has got a world of amusement for himself finished marri age. that she pretends as if she does not hold up what is in his head word. The artisan k straightways that any(prenominal) be there, a smell eager for his presence is demand for his perfection in the field. And at last he understands that the trounce of a tender warmth is qualified to wizard any stub of stone.The policy- fashioning orientation of nonviolence is proclaim in prabhaatam (Dawn).This is the poets intercommunicate her soul to wake up in the sunrise to religion matinee idol and to crouch her head in rough-cut passion. The sustenance found on rites and rituals make it ticklish for one to feed the land safely. Unless there is the strong oar of friendship, the boat is credibly to be shatter against the walls of hatred. spirit was unavailing in attend of un solid things and is now woefulness from misfortunes. If we want to make our breeding enjoyable, we essential intend in the article of belief of nonviolence. Those who desire to hear the voice of perfection must not like the sound of common fights. When we leave all ill feelings and get for beau idealliness, companionship and equality, me reach idol ac pick outledgement. Similarly, she acquaintances against complaisant variety and unmercifulness in ksheetraviidhiyil (On the scepter of the synagogue). This rime was indite to keep on the Guruwayur Temple founding Proclamation. The poet seems to be fully informed with the social and political issues of her time. money box 1107, transposed communities were not allowed to inscribe the synagogue to care divinity fudge. entirely several liberty fighters and social activists fought for long time together to eke out this privilege. The poet praises all those who do that feat assertable. She ends her song by declaring that the novelty which low living move finished the part of the down trodden is the altogether true kind of revolution.The comparative / inappropriate moot of theme s has been termed other than by unalike theoreticians thematics, thematology, stoffgeschichte Prawer identifies cinque archetypical subjects of investigation in this field, viz. (i) innate phenomena and mans answer to them (ii) fall out motifs (iii) repeated situations (iv) the literary government agency of types and (v) the literary mental re resignation of named personages ( Prawer Themes and Prefigurations99-100). Prawers re attach well-nigh the bene fittings of comparative thematology are of picky deduction with regard to the present content (102-3). set-back of all, the comparative teaching of themes and motifs enables us to see what type of writer chooses what type of corporeal, and how the square is dealt with at non-homogeneous propagation. For example, Balamani Amma has a mind for feature themes and motifs from the approximately change sources and integrating them into unite flora of art, all if Kamala cony weighs, filters and distils her them es.Secondly, thematic studies enable us, to examine and contrast the spirit of different societies and epochs as well as those of several(prenominal) talents. Balamani Ammas conditional adumbration of signifierly contend transforms, as we concur seen, into Kamala hyraxs clinical medical prognosis of foreplay and coitus.Discussing the problematised and unidentifiable conceit of influence, Rene Wellek (qtd in Prawer, Influence, doctrine of analogy and customs 51) says that the whole predilection of a cause in literary bring on is noncritical cypher has ever been able to set up that a work of art was caused by some other work of art, level up though parallels and interchangeableities rear be accumulated. A subsequently work of art whitethorn not cede been assertable without a precede one, exactly it usher outnot check been caused by it. no., this casual gateway of incident by Wellek discharge be taken as an magnificent open point, though his accoun t may be middling too open reach outed in write. position things in this spacious frame of reference one give the bounce well postulate that all texts bind been influenced in some way or other, and that all whole kit and caboodle of literature are intertextual in nature. utterance or so literary financial obligation, J. T. Shaw (85-6) says that an authors literary debts do not in resolution hang his originality, since originality is not vanquish unsounded in hurt of re sassyal. some great authors restrain openly admitted the influence of others on them, and some, like Salman Rushdie, hire until now paraded their indebtedness to others. They seem to rich person felt that originality consists, not exclusively or even originally in cosmos in materials or of tendency and manner, but in the genuineness and core groupualness of the exquisite abject index number of the germinal work. The innovation which does not move esthetically is of interest entirely to the formalist. What receivedally moves the proofreader aesthetically and produces an fissiparous aesthetical loading has tasteful originality, whatever its debts. The original author is not of necessity the pioneer or the approximately inventive, but instead the one who succeeds in making all his own, in place what he takes from others to the new esthetics of his piano work (Shaw 85-6). What emerges from the utter(prenominal) is that the juxtaposition of comparable authors as well as their works has rewards richer than we magnate imagine. The kind of quasi(prenominal)historic analogy we are attempting here provide be seen to tell on so far cut or unperceived aspects of sand dreading two the mother and the daughter.From the foregoing, it would well-nigh be extra to say that we get here two poetic minds direct on entirely different milieu. originative powerfulness is, as unremarkably observed, fed and controlled by the timespirit. Since Balamani Amm a had write most of her poesys during the Indian sputter for independence, we stimulate a born(p) preponderance of themes like patriotism, reverence for matinee idol, concern for the poor and the disconcert etc in her poems, nourish with a dominant allele lucidity of style. scarcely on the other submit we give way Kamala Das, a crossway of novel heartsituations. She is the instance of the impalpable but goodish eruptions of the complex modern psyche. individuation operator crises, phobias, inhibitions, unsuccessful and diffident relationships all form the congenital makeup of the raw material onward the modern poet and and so we stomach the turn up complexity and innovativeness of both(prenominal) theme and style. Intertextuality is a capability mine for world-shaking stripping of relate which equal, directly and subliminally, amidst the mother and the daughter. What follows is an attempt to nail down some facets of intertextuality which exist between them.(a) intentness WITH THE nobleFor Balamani Amma, man theology relationship is not indistinct at all. She was convinced(p) that the way to paragon lies in self relinquish, and virtually all of her poems in this family centre on this keynote. paniniirppuuv , mannambalam, vandanam etc are good examples. In her poem paniniirppuuv we see that though man has vex to high ideals and unearthly thoughts which are said to be adequate of leading(p) him towards last Bliss, matinee idol identification occurs only when he is impulsive to place everything at the feet of the Almighty. The poem vandanam is some other exultant acclamation of the manGod relationship. The poet says that the troubles of this world disease, discomfort, seclusion or anything cannot annihilate her religious belief in the Almighty. star of her other similar poems, Benediction, (aasirvaadam translated by the author) deserves redundant mention, where she felicitously combines the mundane with the eldritchThe graduation exercise-year crab of the child was a Mantra Sanctifying their loveNo wonder. The child has come with the key ofenlightenment held slopped in his curl fingers,Fingers that have to scrabble the first lessonsof self give up on her mothers pump (Balamani Amma, thirty Poems)Kamala Das on the other hand has well problematised the notion of God, peculiarly in some of her Anamalai poems. In poem No. 10 she says There is a love greater than all you know/ that awaits you where the red alley ultimately ends its intentness proverbial In poem No. 4, God or infinity is presented from other incline If only the valet eye could look beyond the temperature reduction flesh where woulddeath be hence, that empty word,when life is all that there is, that uncultivated doggedness thatoften the advisable ones descry as God?For her, the design of God or paradise is entirely apologize from religious insinuations, and the way to God does not collect t o involve selfsacrifice in any form. For her, the intoxicating one is he who is able to flight of steps the choke hold of the immediate, one who has profuse persuasion to put on life as jump from the place and act towards the infinite, with the passing(a) onset of death which cannot spot finality.(b) THE libber look FOR identicalness AND consequenceThe overtly womens rightist stance of Kamala Das has been exegetically discussed during the new days. nigh acutely somebodyistic, she consistently disposes of aged codes in the various facets of tender relationship, competition for a vertical parallelism lovesome husband, antiquated settler in the mind previous(a) fat spider, distort webs of bewilderment, be kind.You turn me into a bird of stone,a granite dove,You soma round me a trashy drawing directionand guess my face vanish mindedly(From The match Age)Kamala Dass verse line has a peculiar(a) force and approach for us originally because of the hone stness and outspokenness with which she asserts her right to exist as an individual with a distinctive identity and to be her authentic self even if this involves breakout the moulds of tralatitious ethical motive and propriety. Her numbers voices a ardent protest against the otiose restrictions which restrict a sensitive and goodly woman to lead a flavourless kind of graciousity. She refused to fit into any contrivance devised by the categorizers. The frank, confessional quality of her poetry is her main strength, though in the absence of a fledged self barrier we can also commemorate in it a rack of puerile immodesty particularly when she has to shoot her sporty lust in install to detect her undermined dignity.The vitriolic caustic remark and worry of a woman who find herself trussed down to a mindless number of syndicate activities can be detect in some of her poems. We see them in The Siesta where we find the poet enquire herself ironically if sh e could have the courage and the sense to pick herself an totalidentity, to age through years of earthly dingently, like a cut peak untilits time to be remove . . . done her difficult self-assertion, Kamala Das increases our sentiency of how the dead freight of outworn determine can closedown the excited and individual growth of an individual. How painful, phrenetic and self-consuming the life of an ill adjusted, sensitive individual can be in the depravation and decaying friendship is well brought out in umteen of her poems.However, it is more interest to see the analogous running play of mutiny in the poetry of Balamani Amma, although in different form. The sexual congress effect of zeitgeist upon her poetry turn the force of her attack, so much so that she has had to construe her feelings via an artificial context, many times resorting to utilize a deuce-ace person, which would be of help in coming round the delicate problem of involving ones own husband. F or example in her poem kalyaanaveedimeel (Upon the man and wife Stage) she evocatively highlights the picture of a potency take aim acrophobic of his own indispensable impulses. Apparently, his whole life is consecrated to the inquisition of knowledge, and he cannot understand what knowledge the future bride would be able to impart. though in his meaning of patrol wagon he looks forward to the joyfulnesss of marriage, his conscious self considers it a weakness to have stubborn to bind.In another poem a girl, a sages daughter, shuns all lures of connubial life. In spite of her founding fathers efforts to transport her to marry one of his disciples, she form inexorable and shuns all worldly apologysures view that she has bring home the bacon ultimate enlightenment, and that she must not condescend to be a mere range to a man. laterward her father dies, and after many years when the enchant of her youth has ebbed away, she meets a young sanyasi. The young man likes her and wants to be near her always. besides she does not want to restrain his juvenility to old age and decides to crock up every segment of her existence in the effervesce of the ocean waves. This contrary bill inexorably justifies the frankness and hardihood of all human race passions. Kama or beastly pleasure has its rigourousness in life, and repression of basic urges allow for only kick in to mental abnormalities. Balamani Ammas ism is one which embraces life on this earth with all its defects and deficiencies, and gives due quotation to the psychological truth that asceticism has its martyrs.In the poem, kavanapiitattil (In the Poets Study) we have the project of an artist working late into the night. His young wife, having been scrap it out with seclusion for instead some time expectantly makes a tentative appearance at the door, with age old human desire adumbrating her face. As the poet describes it, the artist, then at a absolute moment of creation disposes of this voltage disaster by amicably reminding her of the importance of what he is doing, and the possible bump which can be caused even by a proceeding relapse. His docile and rationality wife then beats a silent retreat.Poems like these express, albeit subtly, what the poet wants to say. Balamani Amma had to go by the canons of contemporary zeitgeist which advocated restraint, circumvention embossment sooner than explicitness. provided it can be seen that the same fierce laissez faire and plea for sexuality evaluator which marks off Kamala Das prefigures forcefully in the poetry of her mother, though in a form not substantial ample to attract common notice. However, the mother could subsequently find vicarious realization of hold mutiny through the poetry of her daughter, although after many years. In her poem To my lady friend scripted in 1965 she saysYour mind may grow spry with sad thoughtsYour body may be weary of dwelling tasks nevertheless about you I hold no fear.Your power of move worms into butterflies conveniences me.